{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T17:31:11Z","timestamp":1793467871770,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006285","name":"Federal Highway Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Transportation Pooled Fund Study TPF-5(361)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Transportation Pooled Fund Study TPF-5(361)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T07:01:05Z","timestamp":1788591665000},"page":"108740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A distracted driver behavior typology: The role of regulatory environments"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"238","author":[{"given":"Grace","family":"Douglas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda Ng","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105455","article-title":"Multitasking additional-to-driving: Prevalence, structure, and associated risk in SHRP2 naturalistic driving data","volume":"137","author":"B\u00e1lint","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177697196","article-title":"A maximization technique occurring in the statistical analysis of probabilistic functions of Markov chains","volume":"41","author":"Baum","year":"1970","journal-title":"The Annals of Mathematical Statistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2017.01.015","article-title":"Patterns of distracted driving behaviors among young adult drivers: Exploring relationships with personality variables","volume":"46","author":"Braitman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1513271113","article-title":"Driver crash risk factors and prevalence evaluation using naturalistic driving data","volume":"113","author":"Dingus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119848413","article-title":"Proxemics and kinesics in automated vehicle\u2013pedestrian communication: Representing ethnographic observations","volume":"2673","author":"Domeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b6","series-title":"Advanced driver distraction warning (ADDW) systems: type-approval requirements under the general safety regulation (EU) 2019\/2144","author":"European Commission","year":"2023"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198120957326","article-title":"Dynamic speed feedback signs are effective in reducing driver speeds: A meta-analysis","volume":"2674","author":"Flynn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2004.11.003","article-title":"Towards a general theory of driver behaviour","volume":"37","author":"Fuller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3141\/2321-01","article-title":"Characterization of secondary task engagement during naturalistic driving","volume":"2321","author":"Funkhouser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2025.101671","article-title":"Effectiveness of raised safety platforms: a systematic review of literature","volume":"34","author":"Golbabaei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b11","article-title":"Causal inference for transport research","volume":"192","author":"Graham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b12","series-title":"16th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC 2013)","first-page":"857","article-title":"A two-step segmentation algorithm for behavioral clustering of naturalistic driving styles","author":"Higgs","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2018.09.009","article-title":"An examination of the increases in pedestrian motor-vehicle crash fatalities during 2009\u20132016","volume":"67","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105464","article-title":"Do drivers self-regulate their engagement in secondary tasks at intersections? An examination based on naturalistic driving data","volume":"137","author":"Ismaeel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"issue":"2B","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1214\/10-AOAS440","article-title":"Causal inference in transportation safety studies: comparison of potential outcomes and causal diagrams","volume":"5","author":"Karwa","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Annals of Applied Statistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2023.09.002","article-title":"Do dynamic speed feedback signs impact drivers differently based on speeding tendencies? Insights from applications at select critical roadway contexts","volume":"98","author":"Mahmud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b17","series-title":"Finite mixture models","author":"McLachlan","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2014.04.002","article-title":"Frequency of secondary tasks in driving \u2013 results from naturalistic driving data","volume":"68","author":"Metz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107241","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of driver distraction: state-of-the-art and future insights","volume":"192","author":"Michelaraki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b20","series-title":"Human Behavior and Traffic Safety","first-page":"485","article-title":"A critical view of driver behavior models: what do we know, what should we do?","author":"Michon","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b21","series-title":"Pedestrians: 2023 Data","author":"National Center for Statistics and Analysis","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b22","series-title":"Traffic Safety Facts 2022 Data: Pedestrians","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.12.005","article-title":"A hierarchical machine learning classification approach for secondary task identification from observed driving behavior data","volume":"123","author":"Osman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.10.006","article-title":"Understanding the impacts of mobile phone distraction on driving performance: A systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Oviedo-Trespalacios","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.01.018","article-title":"Effects of road infrastructure and traffic complexity in speed adaptation behaviour of distracted drivers","volume":"101","author":"Oviedo-Trespalacios","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2017.05.148","article-title":"Review of driving performance parameters critical for distracted driving research","volume":"25","author":"Papantoniou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transportation Research Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2017.04.004","article-title":"Using SHRP2 naturalistic driving data to assess drivers\u2019 speed choice while being engaged in different secondary tasks","volume":"62","author":"Schneidereit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2016-021","article-title":"mclust 5: clustering, classification and density estimation using Gaussian finite mixture models","volume":"8","author":"Scrucca","year":"2016","journal-title":"The R Journal"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2017.1415433","article-title":"Analysis of near crashes among teen, young adult, and experienced adult drivers using the SHRP2 naturalistic driving study","volume":"19","author":"Seacrist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981221108985","article-title":"Driver psychology latent classes as predictors of traffic incident occurrence in naturalistic driving study data","volume":"2677","author":"Sharmin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b31","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","first-page":"648","article-title":"Clustering sequences with hidden Markov models","volume":"8","author":"Smyth","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2015.03.010","article-title":"Driving context influences drivers\u2019 decision to engage in visual-manual phone tasks: Evidence from a naturalistic driving study","volume":"53","author":"Tivesten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i07","article-title":"depmixS4: an R package for hidden Markov models","volume":"36","author":"Visser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1967.1054010","article-title":"Error bounds for convolutional codes and an asymptotically optimum decoding algorithm","volume":"13","author":"Viterbi","year":"1967","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2017.10.010","article-title":"Driver behavior analysis for right-turn drivers at signalized intersections using SHRP2 naturalistic driving study data","volume":"63","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2024.11.003","article-title":"Effectiveness of a 30 km\/h speed limit: a literature review","volume":"92","author":"Yannis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4018\/IJCINI.2015100102","article-title":"Influence of non-visual secondary tasks on driver\u2019s pedestrian detection","volume":"9","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813495279","article-title":"The effects of visual and cognitive distractions on operational and tactical driving behaviors","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981221110223","article-title":"Examining the relationships between multimodal environments and multitasking driving behaviors","volume":"2677","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457526003490?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457526003490?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T17:04:38Z","timestamp":1793466278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457526003490"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S0001457526003490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A distracted driver behavior typology: The role of regulatory environments","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108740","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108740"}}