{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T17:31:03Z","timestamp":1793467863031,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F2024202106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2024202106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T21:28:12Z","timestamp":1789680492000},"page":"108777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Assessing the impact of AR-HUD warning systems on cyclists\u2019 crash risk in connected environments: incorporating crash probability and severity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"238","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianling","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6383-0939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingxin","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/15472450701410395","article-title":"Crash risk assessment using intelligent transportation systems data and real-time intervention strategies to improve safety on freeways","volume":"11","author":"Abdel-Aty","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107191","article-title":"Advances and applications of computer vision techniques in vehicle trajectory generation and surrogate traffic safety indicators","volume":"191","author":"Abdel-Aty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0015","article-title":"Assessing traffic conflict\/crash relationships with extreme value theory: recent developments and future directions for connected and autonomous vehicle and highway safety research","volume":"39","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Methods Accid. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0020","article-title":"An Extreme Value Theory approach to estimate crash risk during mandatory lane-changing in a connected environment","volume":"33","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Methods Accid. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0025","article-title":"Evaluating the safety of autonomous vehicle\u2013pedestrian interactions: an extreme value theory approach","volume":"35","author":"Alozi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Methods Accid. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0030","article-title":"A bivariate extreme value model for estimating crash frequency by severity using traffic conflicts","volume":"32","author":"Arun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Methods Accid. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0035","article-title":"A systematic review of traffic conflict-based safety measures with a focus on application context","volume":"32","author":"Arun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Methods Accid. Res"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S134","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2014.936011","article-title":"The benefits and tradeoffs for varied high-severity injury risk thresholds for advanced automatic crash notification systems","volume":"15","author":"Bahouth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"issue":"2021","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0045","article-title":"Navigating with augmented reality \u2013 how does it affect drivers\u2019 mental load?","volume":"94","author":"Bauerfeind","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.1966.10532776","article-title":"Components of reaction time in relation to age and sex","volume":"108","author":"Botwinick","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Genet. Psychol."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2012.10.001","article-title":"Gender differences and demographic influences in perceived concern for driver safety and support for impaired driving countermeasures","volume":"43","author":"Butters","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105760","article-title":"Effectiveness of augmented reality warnings on driving behaviour whilst approaching pedestrian crossings: a driving simulator study","volume":"147","author":"Calvi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0065","series-title":"2021 7th International Conference on Models and Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems","article-title":"A driving simulator study for assessing the potential of augmented reality technology to improve the safety of passing maneuvers","author":"Calvi","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981211061351","article-title":"Driving simulator study for evaluating the effectiveness of virtual warnings to improve the safety of interaction between cyclists and vehicles","volume":"2676","author":"Calvi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-022-06330-w","article-title":"Sex differences in cognitive-motor components of braking in older adults","volume":"240","author":"Casamento-Moran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2024.08.013","article-title":"How to define the threshold of takeover response ability of different drivers in conditional automated driving","volume":"106","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transport. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2023.04.012","article-title":"Study on the influence factors of takeover behavior in automated driving based on survival analysis. Transportation research","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0090","article-title":"Does the AR-HUD system affect driving behaviour? An eye-tracking experiment study","volume":"18","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1198\/00401700152672573","article-title":"Goodness-of-fit tests for the generalized Pareto distribution","volume":"43","author":"Choulakian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0100","series-title":"Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Research","author":"Chow","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/JTEPBS.TEENG-8752","article-title":"Exploring the effects of variable speed limit on the car-following process on bridges in fog with consideration of human factors","volume":"151","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Part A Syst."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2011.05.001","article-title":"Outline for a causal model of traffic conflicts and crashes","volume":"43","author":"Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinsp.2024.100405","article-title":"Multifactorial assessment of braking time predictors in a driving simulator among older adults according to gender","volume":"79","author":"Biase","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0120","series-title":"\u00dcber das ged\u00e4chtnis: untersuchungen zur experimentellen psychologie","author":"Ebbinghaus","year":"1885"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iatssr.2016.07.001","article-title":"Safety analysis of passing maneuvers using extreme value theory","volume":"41","author":"Farah","year":"2017","journal-title":"IATSS Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2025.2496939","article-title":"Comparison of male and female SUV-driver injury rates in similar crashes","volume":"27","author":"Farmer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2019.1698220","article-title":"Adaptive visual assistance system for enhancing the driver awareness of pedestrians","volume":"36","author":"Fr\u00e9mont","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0140","article-title":"A multivariate method for evaluating safety from conflict extremes in real time","volume":"36","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Methods Accid. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107891","article-title":"How predictive-forward-collision-warning reduces the collision risk of leading vehicle driver","volume":"211","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0150","series-title":"2013 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, ISMAR 2013","first-page":"59","article-title":"Effects of an in-car augmented reality system on improving safety of younger and older drivers","author":"Fu","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0155","series-title":"IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Proceedings, ITSC 2018","article-title":"Analysis of potential co-benefits for bicyclist crash imminent braking systems","author":"Good","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-023-02256-8","article-title":"Forgetting of specific and gist visual associative episodic memory representations across time","volume":"30","author":"Greene","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107558","article-title":"Assessing the collision risk of mixed lane-changing traffic in the urban inter-tunnel weaving section using extreme value theory","volume":"200","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0170","article-title":"Criticality assessment model for intelligent vehicle test scenario based on interactive field feature and hypergraph learning","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0175","unstructured":"Insurance Institute of Highway Safety, 2021. Status Report, 2015. https:\/\/www.iihs.org\/api\/datastoredocument\/status-report\/pdf\/50\/1."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2011.03.001","article-title":"Making minor rural road networks safer: the effects of 60 km\/h-zones","volume":"43","author":"Jaarsma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105538","article-title":"Simulating automated emergency braking with and without torricelli vacuum emergency braking for cyclists: effect of brake deceleration and sensor field-of-view on accidents, injuries and fatalities","volume":"142","author":"Jeppsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2026.3675123","article-title":"Stability-guaranteed redundant transmission scheduling over Gilbert-Elliot channels for remote state estimation: a deep reinforcement learning approach","author":"Jin","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2018.1442888","article-title":"In search of surrogate safety indicators for vulnerable road users: a review of surrogate safety indicators","volume":"38","author":"Johnsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0200","series-title":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces","first-page":"294","article-title":"Look at me: Augmented reality pedestrian warning system using an in-vehicle volumetric head up display","author":"Kim","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.02.007","article-title":"A tree-structured crash surrogate measure for freeways","volume":"77","author":"Kuang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1980.tb01766.x","article-title":"Sex difference in choice reaction time","volume":"71","author":"Landauer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.09.026","article-title":"In search of the severity dimension of traffic events: extended Delta-V as a traffic conflict indicator","volume":"98","author":"Laureshyn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0220","series-title":"Springer Series in Statistics","article-title":"Extremes and related properties of random sequences and processes","author":"Leadbetter","year":"1983"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03011261","article-title":"Study design in clinical research: sample size estimation and power analysis","volume":"43","author":"Lerman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2020.101962","article-title":"Effects of perception of head-up display on the driving safety of experienced and inexperienced drivers","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2026.3665586","article-title":"Anonymous dynamic formation control of multiagent systems with obstacle avoidance","volume":"75","author":"Liang","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Reliab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2023.101888","article-title":"A visual reasoning-based approach for driving experience improvement in the AR-assisted head-up displays","volume":"55","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107828","article-title":"Study on optimization design of guide signs in dense interchange sections of eight-lane freeway","volume":"209","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2004.01.001","article-title":"Effects of using head-up display in automobile context on attention demand and driving performance","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2026.2713298","article-title":"Human-centric reliability prediction for IoT-enabled human-machine systems considering component hierarchical dependency","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0260","article-title":"Safe speeds: Fatality and injury risks of pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, and car drivers impacting the front of another passenger car as a function of closing speed and age","volume":"2","author":"Lubbe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Traffic Saf. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-06015-5","article-title":"Transport infrastructure connectivity and conflict resolution: a machine learning analysis","volume":"34","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107810","article-title":"Does connected environment contribute to the driving safety and traffic efficiency improvement in emergency events?","volume":"208","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3112240","article-title":"Does augmented-reality head-up display help? A preliminary study on driving performance through a VR-simulated eye movement analysis","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2868531","article-title":"Augmented reality interface design approaches for goal-directed and stimulus-driven driving tasks","volume":"24","author":"Merenda","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0285","unstructured":"Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China, \u201cIn 2021, the total number of motor vehicles in China reached 395 million, with a year-on-year increase of 59.25% in new energy vehicles.\u201d https:\/\/app.mps.gov.cn\/gdnps\/pc\/content.jsp?id=8322369&mtype=."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0290","unstructured":"Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China, 2014. Technical Standard of Highway Engineering (JTG B01-2014). https:\/\/www.doc88.com\/p-49854050384753.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0295","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2023. Traffic Safety Facts, Bicyclists and Other Cyclists, 2023. https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/ViewPublication\/813739."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0300","article-title":"A cross-comparison of different extreme value modeling techniques for traffic conflict-based crash risk estimation","volume":"44","author":"Niu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Methods Accid. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.08.017","article-title":"Investigating the influence of time pressure on overtaking maneuvers and crash risk","volume":"82","author":"Pawar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transport. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0310","series-title":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Proceedings","first-page":"1827","article-title":"Towards a cooperative driver-vehicle interface: enhancing drivers\u2019 perception of cyclists through augmented reality","author":"Pichen","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176343003","article-title":"Statistical inference using extreme order statistics","volume":"3","author":"Pickands","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108060","article-title":"Does connected vehicle information reduce beyond-visual-range crash risk in foggy freeway conditions? A study based on extreme value theory","volume":"217","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0325","unstructured":"Road Safety Authority (RSA), 2025. Road Safety Authority (RSA) Welcomes Change to Rural Speed Limits. https:\/\/www.rsa.ie\/news-events\/news\/details\/2025\/02\/07\/road-safety-authority-(rsa)-welcomes-change-to-rural-speed-limits."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0330","series-title":"Skill Retention for Driving Simulation Experiments","author":"Sarwate","year":"2015"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S105","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2024.2400276","article-title":"Bridging the gap: Mechanistic-based cyclist injury risk curves using two decades of crash data","volume":"25","author":"Schubert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.01.019","article-title":"Augmented reality warnings in vehicles: effects of modality and specificity on effectiveness","volume":"101","author":"Schwarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0350","series-title":"3rd International Conference on Road Safety and Simulation","first-page":"14","article-title":"Delta-V as a measure of traffic conflict severity","author":"Shelby","year":"2011"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16687","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3409874","article-title":"Subjective driving risk prediction based on spatiotemporal distribution features of human driver's cognitive risk","volume":"25","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0365","first-page":"6124","article-title":"Impact evaluation of bike-sharing on bicycling accessibility","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability (Switzerland)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0370","first-page":"3522","article-title":"Accessibility of transit stops with multiple feeder modes: walking and private-bike cycling","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability (Switzerland)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.02.003","article-title":"The extreme value theory approach to safety estimation","volume":"38","author":"Songchitruksa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0380","unstructured":"State Council of the People's Republic of China, 2004. Implementing Regulations of the Road Traffic Safety Law of the People's Republic of China (2017 Revision). https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/gongbao\/content\/2019\/content_5468932.htm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2011.07.008","article-title":"Use of crash surrogates and exceedance statistics to estimate road safety","volume":"45","author":"Tarko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2023.07.011","article-title":"Star rating of driver\u2019s behavior as a tool to prevent risky behavior","volume":"97","author":"Te\u0161i\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its.2019.0641","article-title":"Dynamic real-time high-capacity ride-sharing model with subsequent information","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4375(02)00006-3","article-title":"Effects of uncertainty, transmission type, driver age and gender on brake reaction and movement time","volume":"33","author":"Warshawsky-Livne","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0405","series-title":"IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Proceedings, ITSC 2015","first-page":"1035","article-title":"Distractive or supportive-how warnings in the head-up display affect drivers\u2019 gaze and driving behavior","author":"Winkler","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.01.040","article-title":"How to warn drivers in various safety-critical situations \u2013 different strategies, different reactions","volume":"117","author":"Winkler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0415","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 2023. Global Status Report on Road Safety 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240086517."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3131751","article-title":"Curvilinear multilane merging and platooning with bounded control in curved road coordinates","volume":"71","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.08.001","article-title":"Effects of crash warning systems on rear-end crash avoidance behavior under fog conditions","volume":"95","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0440","article-title":"Bio-inspired vision mimetics toward next-generation collision-avoidance automation","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2024.129762","article-title":"Improved social force model based on pedestrian collision avoidance behavior in counterflow","volume":"642","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. A: Stat. Mech. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2024.12.018","article-title":"Does information provision always enable drivers to make better decisions?\u2013A study on decision-making dilemmas at uncontrolled intersections","volume":"109","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2018.1496970","article-title":"Head-up display graphic warning system facilitates simulated driving performance","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2020.06.012","article-title":"Influence of pedestrian-to-vehicle technology on drivers\u2019 response and safety benefits considering pre-crash conditions","volume":"73","author":"Yue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.04.006","article-title":"Transitions to manual control from highly automated driving in non-critical truck platooning scenarios","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11699","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3285475","article-title":"Evaluation of the connected vehicle environment effectiveness at tunnel entrance","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2024.2368910","article-title":"Improving Pedestrian safety with head-up display warning in a connected environment","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2021.1912398","article-title":"Effects of full windshield head-up display on visual attention allocation","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108469","article-title":"How does the connected AR-HUD warning system affect lane-changing strategies during freeway abandoned object events: a survival analysis approach","volume":"230","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0495","first-page":"5282","article-title":"Identify road clusters with high-frequency crashes using spatial data mining approach","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. (Switzerland)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0500","first-page":"1625","article-title":"A new approach to identifying crash hotspot intersections (CHIs) using spatial weights matrices","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. (Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107053","article-title":"Effects of collision warning characteristics on driving behaviors and safety in connected vehicle environments","volume":"186","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121733","article-title":"Developing a new integrated advanced driver assistance system in a connected vehicle environment","volume":"238","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2013.12.003","article-title":"Shifted Gamma-Generalized Pareto Distribution model to map the safety continuum and estimate crashes","volume":"64","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11801","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3107310","article-title":"Short-term lateral behavior reasoning for target vehicles considering driver preview characteristic","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3298110","article-title":"A twisted Gaussian risk model considering target vehicle longitudinal-lateral motion states for host vehicle trajectory planning","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457526003866?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457526003866?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T17:03:16Z","timestamp":1793466196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457526003866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":101,"alternative-id":["S0001457526003866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessing the impact of AR-HUD warning systems on cyclists\u2019 crash risk in connected environments: incorporating crash probability and severity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108777","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108777"}}