{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T17:31:13Z","timestamp":1793467873516,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012542","name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024NSFSC0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NSFSC0022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:56:27Z","timestamp":1790344587000},"page":"108787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["HMI warning strategy based on radar-video fusion perception for freeway merging areas: A risk field approach considering beyond-visual-range event"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"238","author":[{"given":"Yibo","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8940-2046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sen","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jushang","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103162","article-title":"CLACD: A complete LAne-Changing decision modeling framework for the connected and traditional environments","volume":"128","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0010","first-page":"239","article-title":"Research on typical scenarios of vehicle-road coordination based on user needs","volume":"66","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Highway"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3495246","article-title":"Have I got the power? Analysing and reporting statistical power in HRI","volume":"11","author":"Bartlett","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Human-Robot Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2017.09.006","article-title":"Effects of directional auditory and visual warnings at intersections on reaction times and speed reduction times","volume":"51","author":"Bella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106155","article-title":"Influence of prompt timing and messages of an audio navigation system on driver behavior on an urban expressway with five exits","volume":"157","author":"Bian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12373","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312373","article-title":"Risky driving behavior recognition based on vehicle trajectory","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow, S.-C., Shao, J., Wang, H., Lokhnygina, Y., 2017. Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Research Third Edition, Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. doi:10.1201\/9781315183084.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315183084"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0040","article-title":"Driving risk evolution and characteristics on foggy bridges considering the emergency: an approach based on field theory","volume":"14","author":"Dai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Transp. B Transp. Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0045","article-title":"Research on 3D object detection and tracking algorithm for integrated roadside radar and camera","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Beijing University of Posts and"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.11.018","article-title":"Experimental research on the effectiveness and adaptability of speed reduction markings in downhill sections on urban roads: A driving simulation study","volume":"75","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0055","article-title":"Impact of beyond-line-of-sight connectivity on the capacity and stability of mixed traffic flow: An analytical and numerical investigation","volume":"635","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2024.104554","article-title":"An enhanced motion planning approach by integrating driving heterogeneity and long-term trajectory prediction for automated driving systems: A highway merging case study","volume":"161","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107891","article-title":"How predictive-forward-collision-warning reduces the collision risk of leading vehicle driver","volume":"211","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0075","series-title":"Study on traffic conflict prediction model of freeway interchange merging areas","author":"Gu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0080","series-title":"Evaluation on the safety of freeway merging areas considering driver\u2019s errors","author":"Han","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.107991","article-title":"Driving risks assessment and in-vehicle warning design for improving work zone safety","volume":"215","author":"Hang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108123","article-title":"Understanding driver cognition and decision-making behaviors in high-risk scenarios\u00a0: A drift diffusion perspective","volume":"220","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105675","article-title":"Identification of safety benefits by inter-vehicle crash risk analysis using connected vehicle systems data on Korean freeways","volume":"144","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3141\/2088-16","article-title":"Calibrating car-following models by using trajectory data: Methodological study","volume":"2088","author":"Kesting","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3328\/TL.2012.04.03.129-141","article-title":"Driver behavior at freeway-ramp merging areas based on instrumented vehicle observations","volume":"4","author":"Kondyli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2017.11.021","article-title":"A framework for evaluating aggressive driving behaviors based on in-vehicle driving records","volume":"65","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. F Psychol. Behav."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03011261","article-title":"Study design in clinical research: Sample size estimation and power analysis","volume":"43","author":"Lerman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0120","series-title":"Research on the coordinated control method for two-way eight-lane freeway merging area","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0125","first-page":"188","article-title":"Driver\u2019s acceptance of cooperative vehicle infrastructure system based on extended TAM","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"China J. Highw. Transp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108041","article-title":"Collision risk prediction and takeover requirements assessment based on radar-video integrated sensors data: A system framework based on LLM","volume":"218","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0135","unstructured":"Liu, Z., 2015. Interchange Design Principle and Application. China Communications Press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.11.017","article-title":"Supporting cooperative driving behaviour by technology \u2013 HMI solution, acceptance by drivers and effects on workload and driving behaviour","volume":"84","author":"Maag","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0145","unstructured":"Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China, 2022. 395 million motor vehicles and 481 million licensed drivers: National motor vehicle and driver statistics for 2021. https:\/\/app.mps.gov.cn\/gdnps\/pc\/content.jsp?id=8322369&mtype=."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102716","article-title":"Probabilistic field approach for motorway driving risk assessment","volume":"118","author":"Mullakkal-Babu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108060","article-title":"Does connected vehicle information reduce beyond-visual-range crash risk in foggy freeway conditions? A study based on extreme value theory","volume":"217","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0160","unstructured":"Road Traffic Safety Research Center of the Ministry of Public Security, 2025. Safe driving for women: Caring for every shining \u201cher\u201d. China Road Traffic Safety Network. https:\/\/www.crsa.net\/news\/article\/10744."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2021.06.001","article-title":"Analysis of effects of driver \u2019s evasive action time on rear-end collision risk using a driving simulator","volume":"78","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102934","article-title":"Assessing traffic disturbance, efficiency, and safety of the mixed traffic flow of connected vehicles and traditional vehicles by considering human factors","volume":"124","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0175","article-title":"Driving safety field modeling focused on heterogeneous traffic flows and cooperative control strategy in highway merging zone","volume":"630","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3671-2","article-title":"Sample size estimation for randomised controlled trials with repeated assessment of patient-reported outcomes\u00a0: What correlation between baseline and follow-up outcomes should we assume?","volume":"20","author":"Walters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105680","article-title":"Driving risk assessment based on naturalistic driving study and driver attitude questionnaire analysis","volume":"145","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"issue":"01","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0190","first-page":"105","article-title":"Concept, principle and modeling of driving risk field based on driver-vehicle-road interaction","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"China J. Highw. Transp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.10.003","article-title":"Driving safety field theory modeling and its application in pre-collision warning system","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981221144296","article-title":"Sample size study of driving simulator experiment for freeway design safety evaluations","volume":"2677","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0205","article-title":"A car-following model based on safety margin considering ADAS and driving experience","volume":"2021","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.124814","article-title":"Modeling risk potential fields for mandatory lane changes in intelligent connected vehicle environment","volume":"255","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107448","article-title":"Investigating the impact of HMI on drivers\u2019 merging performance in intelligent connected vehicle environment","volume":"198","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107571","article-title":"Integrated driving risk surrogate model and car-following behavior for freeway risk assessment","volume":"201","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0225","series-title":"Research on car-following behavior and risk discrimination of freeway merging areas considering driving style","author":"Wu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0230","series-title":"Research on dangerous driving behavior identification method based on vehicle trajectory in merging area of expressway","author":"Xia","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.03.035","article-title":"Predicting crash likelihood and severity on freeways with real-time loop detector data","volume":"57","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105707","article-title":"Connected vehicle real-time traveler information messages for freeway speed harmonization under adverse weather conditions: Trajectory level analysis using driving simulator","volume":"146","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107053","article-title":"Effects of collision warning characteristics on driving behaviors and safety in connected vehicle environments","volume":"186","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2020.11.012","article-title":"A study of the compliance level of connected vehicle warning information in a fog warning system based on a driving simulation","volume":"76","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106546","article-title":"Multi-vehicle interaction safety of connected automated vehicles in merging area: A real-time risk assessment approach","volume":"166","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105966","article-title":"Safety analysis of freeway on-ramp merging with the presence of autonomous vehicles","volume":"152","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2025.105073","article-title":"A real-time synthesized driving risk quantification model based on driver risk perception-response mechanism","volume":"174","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457526003969?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001457526003969?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T17:04:50Z","timestamp":1793466290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001457526003969"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0001457526003969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"HMI warning strategy based on radar-video fusion perception for freeway merging areas: A risk field approach considering beyond-visual-range event","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108787","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108787"}}