{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:49:43Z","timestamp":1791920983922,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2433217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2433217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52472332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52472332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T06:56:14Z","timestamp":1791701774000},"page":"108792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Semantic\u2013geography integrated spatiotemporal safety mapping for urban low-altitude airspace environments"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"239","author":[{"given":"Jianping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuankai","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b1","article-title":"A survey of safe landing zone detection techniques for autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)","volume":"179","author":"Alam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b2","article-title":"Dynamic UAV trajectory optimisation for parcel delivery with integrated third-party risk mitigation","author":"Aldao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.07.020","article-title":"Understanding the impact of e-commerce on last-mile light goods vehicle activity in urban areas: The case of London","volume":"61","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.12.012","article-title":"Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challenges toward responsible AI","volume":"58","author":"Arrieta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2022.106683","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of the relationships between the built environment and traffic safety in the dutch urban areas","volume":"172","author":"Asadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107502","article-title":"Network-wide road crash risk screening: A new framework","volume":"199","author":"Bonera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.05.001","article-title":"How to assess the capacity of urban airspace: A topological approach using keep-in and keep-out geofence","volume":"92","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103116","article-title":"Extracting the topology of urban airspace through graph abstraction","volume":"127","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b9","series-title":"Notice on regulatory supervision and services for civil unmanned aircraft","author":"Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b10","series-title":"National civil unmanned aircraft integrated management platform (UOM)","author":"Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b11","series-title":"Air navigation (101 \u2014 Unmanned aircraft operations) regulations","author":"Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS)","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.02.013","article-title":"Unmanned aerial systems for photogrammetry and remote sensing: A review","volume":"92","author":"Colomina","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b13","series-title":"MMSegmentation: Openmmlab semantic segmentation toolbox and benchmark","author":"Contributors","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b14","series-title":"Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019\/945 of 12 March 2019 on unmanned aircraft systems and on third-country operators of unmanned aircraft systems","author":"European Commission","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b15","series-title":"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019\/947 of 24 May 2019 on the rules and procedures for the operation of unmanned aircraft","author":"European Commission","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b16","series-title":"Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021\/665 of 22 April 2021 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2018\/1139 as regards requirements for U-space service providers and the services they provide","author":"European Commission","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b17","series-title":"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021\/664 of 22 April 2021 on a regulatory framework for the U-space","author":"European Commission","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b18","series-title":"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021\/666 of 22 April 2021 laying down rules and procedures for the provision of common information services for U-space","author":"European Commission","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b19","series-title":"14 CFR part 107: Small unmanned aircraft systems","author":"Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b20","series-title":"Remote identification of unmanned aircraft","author":"Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b21","series-title":"UAS facility maps","author":"Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2023.103831","article-title":"Drones in last-mile delivery: A systematic review on efficiency, accessibility, and sustainability","volume":"123","author":"Garg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107493","article-title":"A spatiotemporal deep learning approach for pedestrian crash risk prediction based on POI trip characteristics and pedestrian exposure intensity","volume":"198","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b24","series-title":"Geomorphometry: Concepts, Software, Applications","author":"Hengl","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107203","article-title":"Spatio-temporal dynamic change mechanism analysis of traffic conflict risk based on trajectory data","volume":"191","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b26","series-title":"Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)","author":"International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b27","series-title":"Manual on Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS)","author":"International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b28","series-title":"Guidelines on specific operations risk assessment (SORA)","author":"JARUS","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b29","series-title":"Specific operations risk assessment (SORA) v2.5: Main body and annex F","author":"Joint Authorities for Rulemaking on Unmanned Systems (JARUS)","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1145\/3592433","article-title":"3D Gaussian splatting for real-time radiance field rendering","volume":"42","author":"Kerbl","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.04.021","article-title":"Weight threshold estimation of falling UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) based on impact energy","volume":"93","author":"Koh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2022.1175","article-title":"Branch-and-price for drone delivery service planning in urban airspace","volume":"57","author":"Levin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b33","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"265","article-title":"Citygaussian: Real-time high-quality large-scale scene rendering with gaussians","author":"Liu","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2013.11.016","article-title":"A third-party casualty risk model for unmanned aircraft system operations","volume":"124","author":"Melnyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.07.020","article-title":"Crash risk, crash exposure, and the built environment: A conceptual review","volume":"134","author":"Merlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b36","series-title":"Unmanned aircraft systems (drone) portal","author":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT)","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b37","series-title":"CityGML 3.0 conceptual model","author":"Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b38","series-title":"3D tiles specification v1.1","author":"Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2024.103717","article-title":"Stochastic route optimization under dynamic ground risk uncertainties for safe drone delivery operations","volume":"192","author":"Pang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. E: Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2022.103666","article-title":"Adaptive conflict resolution for multi-UAV 4D routes optimization using stochastic fractal search algorithm","volume":"139","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-019-01015-z","article-title":"Ground risk map for unmanned aircraft in urban environments","volume":"97","author":"Primatesta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schonberger, J.L., Frahm, J.-M., 2016. Structure-from-motion revisited. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 4104\u20134113.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.445"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b43","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"501","article-title":"Pixelwise view selection for unstructured multi-view stereo","author":"Sch\u00f6nberger","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2024.104882","article-title":"Airspace network design for urban UAV traffic management with congestion","volume":"169","author":"Stuive","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tancik, M., Casser, V., Yan, X., Pradhan, S., Mildenhall, B., Srinivasan, P.P., Barron, J.T., Kretzschmar, H., 2022. Block-nerf: Scalable large scene neural view synthesis. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 8248\u20138258.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00807"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turki, H., Ramanan, D., Satyanarayanan, M., 2022. Mega-nerf: Scalable construction of large-scale nerfs for virtual fly-throughs. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 12922\u201312931.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01258"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b47","series-title":"CAP 722: Unmanned aircraft system operations in UK airspace","author":"UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2019.03.005","article-title":"Vehicle routing problem with drones","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. B: Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2017.10.001","article-title":"A review of unmanned aircraft system ground risk models","volume":"95","author":"Washington","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Aerosp. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2024.102967","article-title":"Risk-aware urban air mobility network design with overflow redundancy","volume":"185","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. B: Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.08.021","article-title":"\u2018Structure-from-motion\u2019photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications","volume":"179","author":"Westoby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b52","first-page":"12077","article-title":"SegFormer: Simple and efficient design for semantic segmentation with transformers","volume":"34","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107906","article-title":"Face to planning risk: A hierarchical risk-aware prediction module for the safe planning system","volume":"213","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107568","article-title":"Real-time crash prediction on express managed lanes of Interstate highway with anomaly detection learning","volume":"201","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102881","article-title":"Empirical study of airport geofencing for unmanned aircraft operation based on flight track distribution","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C: Emerg. Technol."}],"container-title":["Accident Analysis & Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000145752600401X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000145752600401X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:20:09Z","timestamp":1791919209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000145752600401X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S000145752600401X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Semantic\u2013geography integrated spatiotemporal safety mapping for urban low-altitude airspace environments","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2026.108792","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108792"}}