{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T01:46:18Z","timestamp":1787795178532,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Analytical Biochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T06:48:31Z","timestamp":1635317311000},"page":"114437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Hepatic encephalopathy and depression in chronic liver disease: is the common link systemic inflammation?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"636","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7595-259X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria Tatiana","family":"Kronsten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6133-4619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debbie Lindsay","family":"Shawcross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0145-y","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis mortality in 187 countries between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis","volume":"12","author":"Mokdad","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.05.042","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by the European association for the study of the liver and the American association for the study of liver diseases","volume":"61","author":"Vilstrup","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00129-5","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic value of quantified electroencephalogram (EEG) alterations in cirrhotic patients","volume":"35","author":"Amodio","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23500","article-title":"Clinical course of alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a Danish population-based cohort study","volume":"51","author":"Jepsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024784327783","article-title":"Influence of hepatic encephalopathy on health-related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"48","author":"Arguedas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001547","article-title":"Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010","volume":"10","author":"Ferrari","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011613","article-title":"Depression's unholy trinity: dysregulated stress, immunity, and the microbiome","volume":"71","author":"Cruz-Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2005.01.020","article-title":"Psychological status and depression in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"37","author":"Bianchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib9","series-title":"Metab. Brain Dis.","first-page":"239","article-title":"Depression, anxiety and alexithymia symptoms are major determinants of health related quality of life (HRQoL) in cirrhotic patients","author":"Nardelli","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13639","article-title":"Depression and frailty in patients with end-stage liver disease referred for transplant evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Cron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15068","article-title":"Depression in cirrhosis - a prospective evaluation of the prevalence, predictors and development of a screening nomogram","volume":"49","author":"Buganza-Torio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60692-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"386","author":"Vos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165517","article-title":"Pre-transplant depression is associated with length of hospitalization, discharge disposition, and survival after liver transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Rogal","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018898106656","article-title":"Depression in patients with cirrhosis. Impact on outcome","volume":"42","author":"Singh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12145","article-title":"Depression and psychosocial correlates of liver transplant candidates: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Mohamed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asia Pac. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12165","article-title":"Associations of depression, anxiety and antidepressants with histological severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"33","author":"Youssef","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12897","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease comorbid with major depressive disorder: the pathological features and poor therapeutic efficacy","volume":"30","author":"Tomeno","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2190\/PM.45.1.b","article-title":"Association of CD8 T cells with depression and anxiety in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"45","author":"Ko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib19","first-page":"590","article-title":"Depression is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among adults in the United States, Aliment","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856219875054","article-title":"The association between hepatic encephalopathy\/minimal hepatic encephalopathy and depressive and anxiety disorders: a systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Eftekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Australas. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21001","article-title":"Brain metabolism of 13N-ammonia during acute hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis measured by positron emission tomography","volume":"43","author":"Keiding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib22","first-page":"618","article-title":"A light and electron microscopic study of experimental portal systemic (ammonia) encephalopathy. Progression and reversal of the disorder","volume":"36","author":"Norenberg","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2003.10.016","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory response exacerbates the neuropsychological effects of induced hyperammonemia in cirrhosis","volume":"40","author":"Shawcross","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.07.045","article-title":"Infection and systemic inflammation, not ammonia, are associated with Grade 3\/4 hepatic encephalopathy, but not mortality in cirrhosis","volume":"54","author":"Shawcross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.05.022","article-title":"Longitudinal neurometabolic changes in the hippocampus of a rat model of chronic hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"71","author":"Braissant","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015","article-title":"Astrocyte glutamine synthetase: importance in hyperammonemic syndromes and potential target for therapy","volume":"7","author":"Brusilow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-016-9843-9","article-title":"Brain edema: a valid endpoint for measuring hepatic encephalopathy?","volume":"31","author":"Bemeur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2019.02.003","article-title":"Brain edema in chronic hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"9","author":"Cudalbu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2013.05.004","article-title":"Precipitants of hepatic encephalopathy induce rapid astrocyte swelling in an oxidative stress dependent manner","volume":"536","author":"Lachmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840150615","article-title":"Electron microscopic study of brain capillaries in cerebral edema from fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"15","author":"Kato","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50156","article-title":"Induced hyperammonemia alters neuropsychology, brain MR spectroscopy and magnetization transfer in cirrhosis","volume":"37","author":"Balata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02833598","article-title":"Ammonia: key factor in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"6","author":"Butterworth","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurochem. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.07.013","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy: novel insights into classification, pathophysiology and therapy","volume":"73","author":"Rose","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1991.67","article-title":"Cerebral ammonia metabolism in patients with severe liver disease and minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"11","author":"Lockwood","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Cerebr. Blood Flow Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20504","article-title":"Hypoosmotic swelling and ammonia increase oxidative stress by NADPH oxidase in cultured astrocytes and vital brain slices","volume":"55","author":"Reinehr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2013.03.016","article-title":"Inflammation and hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"536","author":"Coltart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-008-9112-7","article-title":"Identifying the direct effects of ammonia on the brain","volume":"24","author":"Bosoi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-1017-0","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis: pathology and pathophysiology","volume":"79","author":"Butterworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70457-9","article-title":"Manganese deposition in basal ganglia structures results from both portal-systemic shunting and liver dysfunction","volume":"117","author":"Rose","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.03.012","article-title":"A pilot study of golexanolone, a new GABA-A receptor-modulating steroid antagonist, in patients with covert hepatic encephalopathy","author":"Montagnese","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib41","series-title":"Metab. Brain Dis.","first-page":"309","article-title":"Neuronal cell death in hepatic encephalopathy","author":"Butterworth","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16649196","article-title":"Cerebellar neurodegeneration in a new rat model of episodic hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"37","author":"Garc\u00eda-Lezana","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cerebr. Blood Flow Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2018.05.003","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy and astrocyte senescence","volume":"8","author":"G\u00f6rg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-006-9042-1","article-title":"Role of ammonia and inflammation in minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"22","author":"Shawcross","year":"2007","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.10.011","article-title":"CD8+ T cells from patients with cirrhosis display a phenotype that may contribute to cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction","volume":"49","author":"Leboss\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.08.010","article-title":"Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction: distinctive features and clinical relevance","volume":"61","author":"Albillos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25854","article-title":"Interaction between intestinal dendritic cells and bacteria translocated from the gut in rats with cirrhosis","volume":"56","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2873","article-title":"Sterile inflammation: sensing and reacting to damage","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2003.12.010","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor-alpha expression by activated monocytes and altered T-cell homeostasis in ascitic alcoholic cirrhosis: amelioration with norfloxacin","volume":"40","author":"Albillos","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510011470","article-title":"Adhesion molecules as a prognostic marker of liver cirrhosis","volume":"40","author":"Gir\u00f3n-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26755","article-title":"Novel inflammatory biomarkers of portal pressure in compensated cirrhosis patients","volume":"59","author":"Buck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22680","article-title":"The interleukin-17 pathway is involved in human alcoholic liver disease","volume":"49","author":"Lemmers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529609006772","article-title":"Plasma interleukin-6 levels in patients with cirrhosis: relationship to endotoxemia, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, and hyperdynamic circulation","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520802179925","article-title":"Impaired counter-regulation of interleukin-1 by the soluble IL-1 receptor type II in patients with chronic liver disease","volume":"43","author":"Ludwiczek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020600230977","article-title":"Plasma levels of interleukin-18 and interleukin-18 binding protein are elevated in patients with chronic liver disease","volume":"22","author":"Ludwiczek","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21180","article-title":"Brain edema and inflammatory activation in bile duct ligated rats with diet-induced hyperammonemia: a model of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis","volume":"43","author":"Jover","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21599","article-title":"Endotoxemia produces coma and brain swelling in bile duct ligated rats","volume":"45","author":"Wright","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.03.026","article-title":"Hyperammonemia acts synergistically with lipopolysaccharide in inducing changes in cerebral hemodynamics in rats anaesthetised with pentobarbital","volume":"47","author":"Pedersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2007.01778.x","article-title":"Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy: the tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 theory","volume":"37","author":"Odeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib60","first-page":"509","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy aggravated by systemic inflammation, dig","volume":"37","author":"Manzhalii","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15515","article-title":"Raised serum Interleukin-6 identifies patients with liver cirrhosis at high risk for overt hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"50","author":"Labenz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2001","article-title":"Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function","volume":"82","author":"Dr\u00f6ge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib63","series-title":"Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Interleukin-6 on Fluid-phase Permeability and Ammonia Diffusion in CNS-Derived Endothelial Cells","author":"Duchini","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib64","article-title":"Signaling the brain in systemic inflammation: the role of perivascular cells","volume":"8","author":"Schiltz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24326","article-title":"Microglia activation in hepatic encephalopathy in rats and humans","volume":"54","author":"Zemtsova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","article-title":"Depression","volume":"392","author":"Malhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.5","article-title":"The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target","volume":"16","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.14.2101","article-title":"Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment","volume":"160","author":"DiMatteo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03351.x","article-title":"Alcohol and depression","volume":"106","author":"Boden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2007.00885.x","article-title":"Co-morbid medical and psychiatric illness and substance abuse in HCV-infected and uninfected veterans","volume":"14","author":"Butt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-0179-3-22","article-title":"Association of chronic hepatitis C with major depressive disorders: irrespective of interferon-alpha therapy","volume":"3","author":"Carta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.05.068","article-title":"Systematic review of genuine versus spurious side-effects of beta-blockers in heart failure using placebo control: recommendations for patient information","volume":"168","author":"Barron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.287.6403.1417","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity in patients with alcoholic liver disease","volume":"287","author":"Ewusi-Mensah","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(00)00155-0","article-title":"Depression, fatigue, and functional disability in patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"49","author":"Dwight","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib75","series-title":"J. Hepatol.","first-page":"1379","article-title":"Hepatitis C infection, antiviral treatment and mental health: a European expert consensus statement","author":"Schaefer","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270132","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis C virus infection causes a significant reduction in quality of life in the absence of cirrhosis","volume":"27","author":"Foster","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-016-9817-y","article-title":"Impact of depressive symptoms and hepatic encephalopathy on health-related quality of life in cirrhotic hepatitis C patients","volume":"31","author":"Barboza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2019.34.e199","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with depression in Korean general population","volume":"34","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Kor. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1541","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease increases the risk of anxiety and depression","volume":"4","author":"Labenz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12925","article-title":"Review article: depression and the use of antidepressants in patients with chronic liver disease or liver transplantation","volume":"40","author":"Mullish","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.2000.0597","article-title":"The relationship of depression and stressors to immunological assays: a meta-analytic review","volume":"15","author":"Zorrilla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.11.029","article-title":"Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression","volume":"65","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2427","article-title":"Role of translocator protein density, a marker of neuroinflammation, in the brain during major depressive episodes","volume":"72","author":"Setiawan","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.06.015","article-title":"Markers of central inflammation in major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining cerebrospinal fluid, positron emission tomography and post-mortem brain tissue","volume":"81","author":"Enache","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2017.01.002","article-title":"The effects of acute inflammation on cognitive functioning and emotional processing in humans: a systematic review of experimental studies","volume":"94","author":"Bollen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.161","article-title":"Type I interferon signaling genes in recurrent major depression: increased expression detected by whole-blood RNA sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Mostafavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(94)00101-M","article-title":"Evidence for an immune response in major depression: a review and hypothesis","volume":"19","author":"Maes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00407-9","article-title":"Neurobehavioral effects of interferon-\u03b1 in cancer patients phenomenology and paroxetine responsiveness of symptom dimensions","volume":"26","author":"Capuron","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.5.445","article-title":"Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans","volume":"58","author":"Reichenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200202000-00014","article-title":"Increased depressive ratings in patients with hepatitis C receiving interferon-\u03b1\u2013based immunotherapy are related to interferon-\u03b1\u2013induced changes in the serotonergic system","volume":"22","author":"Bonaccorso","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67763-X","article-title":"Etanercept and clinical outcomes, fatigue, and depression in psoriasis: double-blind placebo-controlled randomised phase III trial","volume":"367","author":"Tyring","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2015.04.008","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 inhibitor therapy in chronic physical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect on depression and anxiety","volume":"79","author":"Abbott","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1611","article-title":"Effect of anti-inflammatory treatment on depression, depressive symptoms, and adverse effects","volume":"71","author":"K\u00f6hler","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib94","first-page":"31","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of the tumor necrosis factor antagonist infliximab for treatment-resistant depression: the role of baseline inflammatory biomarkers","volume":"70","author":"Raison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/15622970701263303","article-title":"Consensus paper of the WFSBP task force on biological markers: biological markers in depression","volume":"8","author":"M\u00f6ssner","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3567-08.2009","article-title":"Cerebral microglia recruit monocytes into the brain in response to tumor necrosis factora signaling during peripheral organ inflammation","volume":"29","author":"D'Mello","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14878","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1329-13.2013","article-title":"P-selectin-mediated monocyte-cerebral endothelium adhesive interactions link peripheral organ inflammation to sickness behaviors","volume":"33","author":"D'Mello","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-18","article-title":"Physiologic and laboratory correlates of depression, anxiety, and poor sleep in liver cirrhosis","volume":"13","author":"Ko","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.5.669","article-title":"A pathogenic role for myelin-specific CD8+ T cells in a model for multiple sclerosis","volume":"194","author":"Huseby","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32341","article-title":"Characterization of inflammatory response in acute-on-chronic liver failure and relationship with prognosis","volume":"6","author":"Sol\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200301000-00025","article-title":"Inflammatory proteins and depression in the elderly","volume":"14","author":"Tiemeier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01811-5","article-title":"Inflammatory markers and depressed mood in older persons: results from the health, aging and body composition study","volume":"54","author":"Penninx","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.1.175","article-title":"Increase in interleukin-1\u03b2 in late-life depression","volume":"162","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib104","series-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci.","first-page":"73","article-title":"Immune-to-brain communication pathways in inflammation-associated sickness and depression","author":"D'Mello","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2007.05.005","article-title":"Brain-immune communication pathways","volume":"21","author":"Quan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14397","article-title":"Review article: the gut microbiome as a therapeutic target in the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic liver disease","volume":"47","author":"Woodhouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib107","first-page":"1","article-title":"Targeting the gut-liver-immune axis to treat cirrhosis","author":"Tranah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain Axis","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13568","article-title":"Alterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis","volume":"513","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24423","article-title":"Characterization of fecal microbial communities in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.12.019","article-title":"Altered profile of human gut microbiome is associated with cirrhosis and its complications","volume":"60","author":"Bajaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.01.017","article-title":"Microbiota changes and intestinal microbiota transplantation in liver diseases and cirrhosis","volume":"72","author":"Bajaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2021.100333","article-title":"Deep stool microbiome analysis in cirrhosis reveals an association between short-chain fatty acids and hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"25","author":"Bloom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2010.09.006","article-title":"Status of bacterial colonization, Toll-like receptor expression and nuclear factor-kappa B activation in normal and diseased human livers","volume":"138","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019","article-title":"Transferring the blues: depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat","volume":"82","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0337-x","article-title":"The neuroactive potential of the human gut microbiota in quality of life and depression","volume":"4","author":"Valles-Colomer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12378","article-title":"Correlation between the human fecal microbiota and depression","volume":"26","author":"Naseribafrouei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro Gastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.03.016","article-title":"Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.05.038","article-title":"Possible association of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the gut microbiota of patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"202","author":"Aizawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.44","article-title":"Gut microbiome remodeling induces depressive-like behaviors through a pathway mediated by the host's metabolism","volume":"21","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.05.009","article-title":"Fecal microbial and metabolomic change during treatment course for depression: an observational study","author":"Kurokawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4030","article-title":"Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS","volume":"18","author":"Erny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.09.002","article-title":"Psychobiotics and the manipulation of bacteria\u2013gut\u2013brain signals","volume":"39","author":"Sarkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81871-8","article-title":"Probiotics improve the neurometabolic profile of rats with chronic cholestatic liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Rackayova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97018-8","article-title":"Probiotics combined with rifaximin influence the neurometabolic changes in a rat model of type C HE","volume":"11","author":"Flatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.10.010","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus Plantarum 299v decreases kynurenine concentration and improves cognitive functions in patients with major depression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study","volume":"100","author":"Rudzki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000299","article-title":"Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 as adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder: a prospective open-label trial","volume":"41","author":"Miyaoka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.04.010","article-title":"Effect of probiotic and prebiotic vs placebo on psychological outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"Kazemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.09.003","article-title":"Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Akkasheh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602546","article-title":"Impact of consuming a milk drink containing a probiotic on mood and cognition","volume":"61","author":"Benton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib131","article-title":"The effects of probiotics on depressive symptoms in humans: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Wallace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2016.06.009","article-title":"Probiotic supplementation can positively affect anxiety and depressive symptoms: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"36","author":"Pirbaglou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8080483","article-title":"Effect of probiotics on depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib134","article-title":"Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"2017","author":"Dalal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32834696f5","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial comparing lactulose, probiotics, and L-ornithine L-aspartate in treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"23","author":"Mittal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.08.031","article-title":"Probiotic VSL#3 reduces liver disease severity and hospitalization in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"147","author":"Dhiman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000165671.25272.0f","article-title":"Beneficial effects of a probiotic VSL#3 on parameters of liver dysfunction in chronic liver diseases","volume":"39","author":"Loguercio","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081810","article-title":"Supplementation with synbiotics and\/or branched chain amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy: a pilot randomised placebo-controlled clinical study","volume":"11","author":"Vidot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29306","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplant from a rational stool donor improves hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"66","author":"Bajaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30690","article-title":"Fecal microbial transplant capsules are safe in hepatic encephalopathy: a phase 1, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Bajaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2021.1899277","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation in hepatic encephalopathy: a systematic review","volume":"56","author":"Madsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02654-5","article-title":"Effect of fecal microbiota transplant on symptoms of psychiatric disorders: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Chinna Meyyappan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2018.11.023","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of olfactory bulb suggests CACNA1E as a promoter of CREB signaling in microbiota-induced depression","volume":"194","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Proteomics."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S243551","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulates depression-like behavior in rats through the neuroendocrine-immune-mitochondrial pathway","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Dis. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610219000115","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation in an elderly patient with mental depression","volume":"31","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v7.i19.3074","article-title":"Hair regrowth following fecal microbiota transplantation in an elderly patient with alopecia areata: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12756","article-title":"Relief of irritable bowel syndrome by fecal microbiota transplantation is associated with changes in diversity and composition of the gut microbiota","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194904","article-title":"The kinetics of gut microbial community composition in patients with irritable bowel syndrome following fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Mazzawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.04.038","article-title":"The effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on psychiatric symptoms among patients with irritable bowel syndrome, functional diarrhea and functional constipation: an open-label observational study","volume":"235","author":"Kurokawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000471919","article-title":"Bifidobacterium-rich fecal donor may Be a positive predictor for successful fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Mizuno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0973-6883(12)60099-1","article-title":"Brain perfusion single photon emission computed tomography abnormalities in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"2","author":"Sunil","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-005-2472-3","article-title":"Evaluation of cingulate gyrus blood flow in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"20","author":"Iwasa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02985102","article-title":"Single photon emission computed tomography and statistical parametric mapping analysis in cirrhotic patients with and without minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"18","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1139\/jpn.090076","article-title":"Orbitofrontal volume reductions during emotion recognition in patients with major depression","volume":"35","author":"Scheuerecker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02598.x","article-title":"Previous overt hepatic encephalopathy rather than minimal hepatic encephalopathy impairs health-related quality of life in cirrhotic patients","volume":"31","author":"Moscucci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0999","article-title":"Minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"4","author":"Stewart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.31250","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy - definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th world congresses of gastroenterology","volume":"35","author":"Ferenci","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21533","article-title":"Lactulose improves cognitive functions and health-related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis who have minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"45","author":"Prasad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.21193","article-title":"Factors associated with poor health-related quality of life of patients with cirrhosis","volume":"120","author":"Marchesini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-007-9035-0","article-title":"Health-related quality of life and psychological correlates in patients listed for liver transplantation","volume":"1","author":"Gutteling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14680","article-title":"Factors associated with health-related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis: a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Rabiee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04808.x","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: rifaximin improves health-related quality of life in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy - a double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"34","author":"Sanyal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617703960048","article-title":"Cognitive functioning and psychiatric symptomatology in patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"9","author":"Hilsabeck","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib164","article-title":"The cognitive profile of depressed patients with cirrhosis","volume":"13","author":"Stewart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E275","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12981","article-title":"Study of the sleep quality and psychological state of patients with hepatitis B liver cirrhosis","volume":"48","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib166","series-title":"Transplant. Proc.","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Anxiety and depression symptoms in hepatic encephalopathy: are they psychiatric or organic?","author":"Telles-Correia","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00026-5","article-title":"Neuropsychological characterization of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"34","author":"Weissenborn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2011.565067","article-title":"Acetyl-l-carnitine reduces depression and improves quality of life in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"46","author":"Malaguarnera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030329","article-title":"Resveratrol in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"10","author":"Malaguarnera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajg.2014.09.003","article-title":"Minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis: magnetic resonance spectroscopic brain findings versus neuropsychological changes","volume":"15","author":"Hassan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arab J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib171","series-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV axis I Disorders","author":"Department","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2008.00436.x","article-title":"Pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy: the concept of synergism","author":"Butterworth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res., Hepatol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib173","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib174","article-title":"N.I. for H. and C.E. (NICE), Overview | Depression in adults: recognition and management | Guidance | NICE","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Psychol. Soc. R. Coll. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6516.344","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"292","author":"Snaith","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6703_13","article-title":"Comparison of Beck depression inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients","volume":"67","author":"Beck","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib178","first-page":"1132","article-title":"Review article: prescribing medications in patients with cirrhosis - a practical guide, Aliment","volume":"37","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200443060-00002","article-title":"Treatment of anxiety and depression in transplant patients: pharmacokinetic considerations","volume":"43","author":"Crone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."}],"container-title":["Analytical Biochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003269721003389?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003269721003389?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T21:35:07Z","timestamp":1757712907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003269721003389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":179,"alternative-id":["S0003269721003389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hepatic encephalopathy and depression in chronic liver disease: is the common link systemic inflammation?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Analytical Biochemistry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114437","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114437"}}