{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:22:43Z","timestamp":1777555363474,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":375,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AG073919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AG073919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03AG071596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03AG071596"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA252969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA252969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM124020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM124020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T21:03:43Z","timestamp":1695762223000},"page":"109769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effects of spike proteins on angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"748","author":[{"given":"Jennyfer","family":"Bejoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlye I.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hattie J.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shavaiz","family":"Manzoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parsa","family":"Davoodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline I.","family":"Battaile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arjun","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia I.","family":"Nikolaienko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tinatin I.","family":"Brelidze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergiy G.","family":"Gychka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuichiro J.","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.03.026","article-title":"COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related?","volume":"26","author":"Petrosillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2762","article-title":"Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE","volume":"367","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0400-4","article-title":"Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine, Cell","volume":"17","author":"Tai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.59","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin 1-7: novel therapeutic targets","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110267","article-title":"The viral protein fragment theory of COVID-19 pathogenesis, Med","volume":"144","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa213","article-title":"Ultra-sensitive serial profiling of SARS-CoV-2 antigens and antibodies in plasma to understand disease progression in COVID-19 patients with severe disease","volume":"66","author":"Ogata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9010036","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein elicits cell signaling in human host cells: implications for possible consequences of COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Suzuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab465","article-title":"Circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine antigen detected in the plasma of mRNA-1273 vaccine recipients","volume":"74","author":"Ogata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061025","article-title":"Circulating spike protein detected in post-COVID-19 mRNA vaccine myocarditis","volume":"147","author":"Yonker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318902","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein impairs endothelial function via downregulation of ACE 2","volume":"128","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041659","article-title":"Viral infection and cardiovascular disease: implications for the molecular basis of COVID-19 pathogenesis","volume":"22","author":"Seeherman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18579","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.015303","article-title":"High affinity binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enhances ACE2 carboxypeptidase activity","volume":"295","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(90)90125-3","article-title":"A modified technique for the measurement of sulfhydryl groups oxidized by reactive oxygen intermediates","volume":"9","author":"Suzuki","year":"1990","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12005","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC","volume":"495","author":"Raj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8050143","article-title":"Protein redox state monitoring studies of thiol reactivity","volume":"8","author":"Suzuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16292","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c02125","article-title":"Impact of thiol-disulfide balance on the binding of Covid-19 spike protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor","volume":"5","author":"Hati","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.167357","article-title":"Disulfide bonds play a critical role in the structure and function of the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen","volume":"434","author":"Grishin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.01.106","article-title":"The function of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is impaired by disulfide-bond disruption with mutation at cysteine-488 and by thiol-reactive N-acetyl-cysteine and glutathione","volume":"597","author":"Murae","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00050-8","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic in 2023: far from over","volume":"401","author":"The Lancet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00809-8","article-title":"The glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 and its receptor ACE2","volume":"6","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Targeted Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1073","article-title":"Furin-mediated protein processing in infectious diseases and cancer","volume":"8","author":"Braun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib25","first-page":"40","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and lung vascular cells","volume":"1","author":"Suresh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007","article-title":"Adverse effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: the spike hypothesis","volume":"28","author":"Trougakos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11082287","article-title":"\u2018Spikeopathy\u2019: COVID-19 spike protein is pathogenic, from both virus and vaccine mRNA","volume":"11","author":"Parry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"}],"container-title":["Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003986123002680?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003986123002680?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:09:57Z","timestamp":1777399797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003986123002680"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["S0003986123002680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9861","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of spike proteins on angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109769","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109769"}}