{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T09:12:57Z","timestamp":1785143577958,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011400","name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKLACLS2407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLACLS2407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011400","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20240961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20240961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002338","name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011244","name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011244","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Analytica Chimica Acta"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T05:42:39Z","timestamp":1780292559000},"page":"345773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Zwitterionic peptide-grafted S-CNQDs\/Cu2O photocathode for reliable photoelectrochemical detection of cardiac troponin I"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1417","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8244-601X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyue","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Mei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4645-3115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gao-Chao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16885","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c02086","article-title":"Dual-mode electrochemical and electrochemiluminescent aptamer biosensors for point-of-care detection of cardiac troponin I","volume":"97","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.147852","article-title":"Electrochemical aptasensors for cardiac troponin I detection toward acute myocardial infarction diagnosis: reported aptamers, design strategies, and opportunities","volume":"547","author":"Qian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.1c00390","article-title":"Antifouling strategies for electrochemical biosensing: mechanisms and performance toward point of care based diagnostic applications","volume":"6","author":"Russo","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3852","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00739","article-title":"Antifouling strategies for selective in vitro and in vivo sensing","volume":"120","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2024.116749","article-title":"Smartphone-based point-of-care photoelectrochemical immunoassay coupling with ascorbic acid-triggered photocurrent-polarity conversion switching","volume":"267","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6012","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c06425","article-title":"Synergistic enhancement effect of piezoelectricity and surface plasmon resonance: boosting photoelectrochemical performance for advanced biosensing","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8827","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53154-z","article-title":"Atomically dispersed recognition unit for selective in vivo photoelectrochemical medicine detection","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26494","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c04623","article-title":"Breaking the dual-interface limitation: a magnetically controlled ratiometric photoelectrochemical sensor using lattice-strained BiOBr and a ferrocyanide\u2013ascorbic acid hybrid electrolyte","volume":"97","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2024.116540","article-title":"Photocurrent switchable dual-target bioassay: signal distinction and interface reconfiguration via pH-responsive triplex DNA programming","volume":"262","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.2c02314","article-title":"Photocurrent-polarity-switching photoelectrochemical biosensor for switching spatial distance electroactive tags","volume":"8","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.03.002","article-title":"Cathodic photoelectrochemical bioanalysis","volume":"114","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2022.214675","article-title":"Photoelectrochemical biosensing platforms for tumor marker detection","volume":"469","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10352","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b03473","article-title":"Cathode photoelectrochemical immunosensing platform integrating photocathode with photoanode","volume":"88","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CS00918B","article-title":"Strategies for stable water splitting via protected photoelectrodes","volume":"46","author":"Bae","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112563","article-title":"Platinum-based nanocomposite as oxygen reduction catalyst for efficient signal amplification: toward building of high-performance photocathodic immunoassay","volume":"168","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17119","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c04750","article-title":"Invoking cathodic photoelectrochemistry through a spontaneously coordinated electron transporter: a proof of concept toward signal transduction for bioanalysis","volume":"93","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8518","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c18323","article-title":"Thioredoxin reductase-mediated reaction evokes in situ surface polarization effect on BiOIO3: toward a new sensing strategy for cathodic photoelectrochemistry","volume":"16","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE02397C","article-title":"Earth-abundant Cu-based metal oxide photocathodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18463","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202007680","article-title":"Acceptor-doping accelerated charge separation in Cu2O photocathode for photoelectrochemical water splitting: theoretical and experimental studies","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.1c03366","article-title":"Enhanced light trapping and charge separation via pyramidal Cu2O\/NiCo-LDH photocathode for efficient water splitting","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5024","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.0c00555","article-title":"Sulfur-doped g-C3N4 and BiPO4 nanorod hybrid architectures for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light irradiation","volume":"3","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib22","article-title":"Effect of morphology and non-metal doping (P and S) on the activity of graphitic carbon nitride toward photoelectrochemical water oxidation","volume":"232","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mat. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-2067(20)63634-8","article-title":"Sulfur-doped g-C3N4\/TiO2 S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for Congo Red photodegradation","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Catal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11668","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CS00658D","article-title":"Bioinspired dopamine and zwitterionic polymers for non-fouling surface engineering","volume":"50","author":"Asha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202000936","article-title":"Recent developments and practical feasibility of polymer-based antifouling coatings","volume":"30","author":"Maan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.03.022","article-title":"The impact of antifouling layers in fabricating bioactive surfaces","volume":"126","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2020.115903","article-title":"Antifouling sensors based on peptides for biomarker detection","volume":"127","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17073","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00344","article-title":"Zwitterionic biomaterials","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22378","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202004995","article-title":"Zwitterionic peptide cloak mimics protein surfaces for protein protection","volume":"59","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Edit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b01625","article-title":"Resistance of zwitterionic peptide monolayers to biofouling","volume":"35","author":"Ederth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7355","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c01350","article-title":"Antifouling peptide hydrogel based electrochemical biosensors for highly sensitive detection of cancer biomarker HER2 in human serum","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c05611","article-title":"Self-powered anti-interference photoelectrochemical immunosensor enabled by a ferroelectric hybrid coupled with a platinum-doped peptide hydrogel","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7843","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c00136","article-title":"Anti-interference photoelectrochemical immunosensing of staphylococcal enterotoxin A using a dendritic peptide tetramer-modified HsGDY\/Cu2O photocathode","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b03008","article-title":"Facile synthesis of photoluminescent graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots for Hg2+ detection and room temperature phosphorescence","volume":"6","author":"Patir","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6367","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.0c01033","article-title":"Nanoengineering construction of Cu2O nanowire arrays encapsulated with g-C3N4 as 3D spatial reticulation all-solid-state direct Z-scheme photocatalysts for photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10976","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c03118","article-title":"Near-infrared-responsive photocatalytic CO2 conversion via in situ generated Co3O4\/Cu2O","volume":"17","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27939","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c06146","article-title":"Efficient Cu2O photocathodes for aqueous photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction to formate and syngas","volume":"145","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib38","article-title":"Photoelectrocatalytic synthesis of urea from carbon dioxide and nitrate over a Cu2O photocathode","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.123940","article-title":"Facile in situ fabrication of Cu2O@Cu metal-semiconductor heterostructured nanorods for efficient visible-light driven CO2 reduction","volume":"385","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201505321","article-title":"Incorporating graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) quantum dots into bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells leads to efficiency enhancement","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.159143","article-title":"Effective periodate activation of direct Z-scheme g-C3N4\/Cu2O heterojunction for photocatalytic norfloxacin degradation, anti-bacterial activity and toxicity assessment","volume":"504","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib42","article-title":"Rationally designed core-shell of 2D-g-C3N4\/Cu2O nanowires heterojunction photocathode for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting","volume":"40","author":"Bae","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1021\/la404980g","article-title":"Biologically inspired stealth peptide-capped gold nanoparticles","volume":"30","author":"Nowinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22448","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b06500","article-title":"Superior antifouling performance of a zwitterionic peptide compared to an amphiphilic, non-ionic peptide","volume":"7","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6565","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.7b00902","article-title":"Tuning the flexibility of glycine-serine linkers to allow rational design of multidomain proteins","volume":"56","author":"van Rosmalen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36746","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b14411","article-title":"Flexible peptide linkers enhance the antimicrobial activity of surface-immobilized bacteriolytic enzymes","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5124","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b11949","article-title":"Modification of titanium substrates with chimeric peptides comprising antimicrobial and titanium-binding motifs connected by linkers to inhibit biofilm formation","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.6b00493","article-title":"Peptide functionalized gold nanoparticles with optimized particle size and concentration for colorimetric assay development: detection of cardiac troponin I","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2023.129403","article-title":"Preparation of salt-tolerant chitosan hydrogels and their anti-biofouling behavior study","volume":"460","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Tech."}],"container-title":["Analytica Chimica Acta"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003267026007233?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003267026007233?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T08:45:45Z","timestamp":1785141945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003267026007233"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0003267026007233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2670","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Zwitterionic peptide-grafted S-CNQDs\/Cu2O photocathode for reliable photoelectrochemical detection of cardiac troponin I","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Analytica Chimica Acta","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aca.2026.345773","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"345773"}}