{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T08:09:32Z","timestamp":1778832572503,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007911","name":"University of California, San Diego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008459","name":"University of Calgary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012285","name":"BC Children&apos;s Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016017","name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016017","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005247","name":"University of British Columbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009192","name":"Alberta Innovates","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008576","name":"Central Michigan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010090","name":"Women and Children&apos;s Health Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007707","name":"University of California Davis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007707","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006034","name":"University of Southern California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006034","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012856","name":"Alberta Children&apos;s Hospital Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003451","name":"Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003451","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012423","name":"Children&apos;s Healthcare of Atlanta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019830","name":"Children&apos;s Hospital of Michigan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019830","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000190","name":"University of Alberta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014452","name":"College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014452","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COVID-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003206","name":"Alberta Children&apos;s Hospital Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003206","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019540","name":"Hackensack Meridian Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["academicpedsjnl.net","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Academic Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T21:45:38Z","timestamp":1650577538000},"page":"1200-1211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Corticosteroids and Other Treatments Administered to Children Tested for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Emergency Departments"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2319-6192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Freedman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7854-4943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Kuppermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2440-7553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna L.","family":"Funk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianling","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3884-7907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Tancredi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart R.","family":"Dalziel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark I.","family":"Neuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2342-8881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Mintegi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1245-7174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy C.","family":"Plint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"G\u00f3mez-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaron","family":"Finkelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilliam","family":"Ambroggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terry P.","family":"Klassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Salvadori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Malley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd A.","family":"Florin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0001","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the U.S. Available at: https:\/\/covid.cdc.gov\/covid-data-tracker\/?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fcases-updates%2Fcases-in-us.html#demographics. Accessed December 17, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0002","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET). Available at:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/covid-data\/covid-net\/purpose-methods.html. Accessed August 6, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.5298","article-title":"Characteristics and disease severity of US children and adolescents diagnosed with COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Preston","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-003186","article-title":"Early experience of COVID-19 in a US Children\u2019s Hospital","volume":"146","author":"Kainth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.2430","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical features, and disease severity in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a children's hospital in New York City, New York","volume":"174","author":"Zachariah","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-042929","article-title":"Thirty-day outcomes of children and adolescents with COVID-19: an international experience","volume":"148","author":"Duarte-Salles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3249","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3249","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of children and young people admitted to hospital with covid-19 in United Kingdom: prospective multicentre observational cohort study","volume":"370","author":"Swann","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0008","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration. FDA expands authorization of two monoclonal antibodies for treatment and post-exposure prevention of COVID-19 to younger pediatric patients, including newborns. Available at: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-expands-authorization-two-monoclonal-antibodies-treatment-and-post-exposure-prevention-covid-19. Accessed December 17, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0009","first-page":"693","article-title":"Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19","volume":"384","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0010","unstructured":"Chan K, Beck C, Chauvin-Kimoff L, et al. The acute management of paediatric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Available at: https:\/\/www.cps.ca\/en\/documents\/position\/the-acute-management-of-paediatric-coronavirus-disease-2019covid-19. Accessed February 11, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042121","article-title":"Prospective cohort study of children with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection presenting to paediatric emergency departments: a Paediatric Emergency Research Networks (PERN) study protocol","volume":"11","author":"Funk","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m2516","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2516","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for covid-19: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"370","author":"Lisboa Bastos","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2307\/2530047","article-title":"Covariance adjustment of relative-risk estimates in matched studies","volume":"38","author":"Breslow","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03491-y","article-title":"Expert consensus statements for the management of COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure using a Delphi method","volume":"25","author":"Nasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0015","unstructured":"COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines. National Institutes of Health. Available at: https:\/\/www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov\/. Accessed December 17, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.10775","article-title":"Medication use patterns in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in California during the pandemic","volume":"4","author":"Watanabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0017","article-title":"Dexamethasone in hospitalised coronavirus-19 patients not on intensive respiratory support","author":"Crothers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01479-6","article-title":"Paediatric research in the times of COVID-19","volume":"90","author":"Fleming","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab093","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"76","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m4749","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4749","article-title":"Covid-19: EU countries spent over \u20ac220m stockpiling remdesivir despite lack of effectiveness, finds investigation","volume":"371","author":"Hordijk","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa115","article-title":"Multicenter Interim Guidance on use of antivirals for children with coronavirus disease 2019\/severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2","volume":"10","author":"Chiotos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-047803","article-title":"Compassionate use of remdesivir in children with severe COVID-19","volume":"147","author":"Goldman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2583_20","article-title":"COVID-19 treatment in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Panda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa175","article-title":"Initial guidance on use of monoclonal antibody therapy for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 in children and adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Wolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72\u00a0314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-321751","article-title":"Bibliography of published COVID-19 in children literature","volume":"107","author":"Stilwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1888","article-title":"Inclusion of children in clinical trials of treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"174","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2008.11.010","article-title":"Off-label prescribing to children in the United States outpatient setting","volume":"9","author":"Bazzano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0029","first-page":"186","article-title":"Patterns of off-label prescribing in the pediatric intensive care unit and prioritizing future research","volume":"20","author":"Czaja","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3225","article-title":"Pediatric drug formulations: a review of challenges and progress","volume":"134","author":"Ivanovska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.3416","article-title":"Completion rate and reporting of mandatory pediatric postmarketing studies under the US Pediatric Research Equity Act","volume":"173","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.163","article-title":"Enhancing pediatric clinical trial feasibility through the use of Bayesian statistics","volume":"82","author":"Huff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.17977","article-title":"Bayesian hierarchical models","volume":"320","author":"McGlothlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr031","article-title":"An overview of the objectives of and the approaches to propensity score analyses","volume":"32","author":"Heinze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.01.005","article-title":"Treatments effects from randomized trials and propensity score analyses were similar in similar populations in an example from cardiac surgery","volume":"64","author":"Kuss","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Academic Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876285922002340?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876285922002340?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T07:26:22Z","timestamp":1778829982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876285922002340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1876285922002340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-2859"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-2859","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Corticosteroids and Other Treatments Administered to Children Tested for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Emergency Departments","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Academic Pediatrics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2022.04.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2022 by Academic Pediatric Association","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}