{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:17:24Z","timestamp":1790806644183,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["academicpedsjnl.net","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Academic Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T08:02:00Z","timestamp":1770710520000},"page":"103241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pediatric Criminal Legal System Involvement and Functional Limitations in Early Adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8233-4378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian A.","family":"Silver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Semenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8686-9115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Testa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib1","series-title":"Highlights from the 2022 Juvenile Residential Facility Census","author":"Hockenberry","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib2","unstructured":"OJJDP Statistical Briefing Book. 2022. Available: \u3008https:\/\/ojjdp.ojp.gov\/statistical-briefing-book\/crime\/faqs\/QA05101\u3009. Accessed April 14, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/jfcj.12165","article-title":"Exploring the impacts of racial disparity within the American juvenile justice system","volume":"71","author":"Dragomir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Juv Fam Court J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2015.09.004","article-title":"Juvenile incarceration and health","volume":"16","author":"Barnert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.08.030","article-title":"Mortality of youth offenders along a continuum of justice system involvement","volume":"50","author":"Aalsma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.21805","article-title":"Incarceration of youths in an adult correctional facility and risk of premature death","volume":"6","author":"Silver","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1757","article-title":"Health care for youth in the juvenile justice system","volume":"128","author":"Committee on Adolescence","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.5807","article-title":"Prevalence, comorbidity, and continuity of psychiatric disorders in a 15-year longitudinal study of youths involved in the juvenile justice system","volume":"175","author":"Teplin","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-09-2016-0052","article-title":"Child incarceration and long-term adult health outcomes: a longitudinal study","volume":"14","author":"Barnert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2624","article-title":"How does incarcerating young people affect their adult health outcomes?","volume":"139","author":"Barnert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.09.029","article-title":"Lack of health insurance among juvenile offenders: a predictor of inappropriate healthcare use and reincarceration?","volume":"166","author":"Baggio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345820915908","article-title":"Physical health, medical care access, and medical insurance coverage of youth returning home after incarceration: a\u00a0systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Barnert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Correct Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1107","article-title":"Preventive care use among justice-involved and non\u2013justice-involved youth","volume":"140","author":"Aalsma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2013-0008","article-title":"Health care utilization and barriers for youth post-detention","volume":"25","author":"Golzari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Adolesc Med Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.104804","article-title":"Parent and provider perspectives on recently incarcerated youths\u2019 access to health care during community reentry","volume":"110","author":"Barnert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2017.12.006","article-title":"Midlife adults with functional limitations: comparison of adults with early-and late-onset arthritis-related disability","volume":"11","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib17","first-page":"849","article-title":"Trajectories of functional health: the \u2018long arm\u2019of childhood health and socioeconomic factors","volume":"66","author":"Haas","year":"2008","journal-title":"SSM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2025.108413","article-title":"Health inequalities: is adolescent involvement in the legal system associated with reduced health care access and usage during adulthood?","volume":"200","author":"Silver","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib19","first-page":"29","article-title":"Juvenile incarceration and the pains of imprisonment","volume":"3","author":"Fagan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Duke FL Soc\u00a0Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib20","series-title":"National longitudinal survey of youth 1997 (NLSY97)","author":"Moore","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib21","first-page":"237","article-title":"Getting better? Change or error in the measurement of functional limitations","volume":"20","author":"Mathiowetz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Econ\u00a0Soc\u00a0Meas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib22","series-title":"Access to Health Care in America","article-title":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Monitoring Access to Personal Health Care Services","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118512449.ch12","article-title":"Social learning theory","author":"Akers","year":"2015","journal-title":"The handbook of criminological theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031210-101218","article-title":"The social determinants of health: coming of age","volume":"32","author":"Braveman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public\u00a0Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib25","first-page":"1273","article-title":"The behavioral model for vulnerable populations: application to medical care use and outcomes for homeless people","volume":"34","author":"Gelberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib26","first-page":"1232","article-title":"Social disadvantage and crime: a\u00a0criminological puzzle","volume":"60","author":"Wikstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am\u00a0Behav\u00a0Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20174","article-title":"Access to health and health care: how race and ethnicity matter","volume":"77","author":"Richardson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J\u00a0Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib28","first-page":"1293","article-title":"Disproportionate minority contact in the juvenile justice system: a\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Zane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Justice\u00a0Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.10.001","article-title":"Health care access and use among children & adolescents exposed to parental incarceration\u2014United States, 2019","volume":"23","author":"Khazanchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herreros-Fraile A., Carcedo R.J., Viedma A., et al Parental incarceration, development, and well-being: A developmental systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 202310;20(4):3143.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043143"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib31","first-page":"1471","article-title":"Parental incarceration and multiple risk experiences: effects on family dynamics and children\u2019s delinquency","volume":"39","author":"Aaron","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Youth\u00a0Adolesc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib32","first-page":"S83","article-title":"Child poverty and the health care system","volume":"16","author":"Racine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib33","first-page":"463","article-title":"Childhood disadvantage, psychosocial resiliency, and later life functioning: linking early-life circumstances to recovery from mobility limitation","volume":"31","author":"Latham-Mintus","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Aging Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib34","first-page":"159","article-title":"Growing up poor: examining the link between persistent childhood poverty and delinquency","volume":"18","author":"Jarjoura","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Quant\u00a0Criminol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib35","first-page":"37","article-title":"Juvenile delinquency: the influence of family, peer and economic factors on juvenile delinquents","volume":"9","author":"Nisar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl\u00a0Sci\u00a0Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2019.101629","article-title":"Exploring the potential association between gang membership and health outcomes in a longitudinal sample of youth and young adults","volume":"66","author":"Rima","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crim Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib37","first-page":"938","article-title":"Long-term consequences of adolescent gang membership for adult functioning","volume":"104","author":"Gilman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public\u00a0Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib38","first-page":"129","article-title":"Punitive school discipline as a mechanism of structural marginalization with implications for health inequity: a systematic review of quantitative studies in the health and social sciences literature","volume":"1519","author":"Duarte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann\u00a0N\u00a0Y\u00a0Acad\u00a0Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib39","first-page":"197","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between school discipline referrals and delinquency","volume":"38","author":"Sprague","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol\u00a0Schools"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib40","first-page":"85","article-title":"The longitudinal association between substance use and delinquency among high-risk youth","volume":"93","author":"D\u2019Amico","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug\u00a0Alcohol\u00a0Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib41","first-page":"637","article-title":"Access to treatment for adolescents with substance use and co-occurring disorders: challenges and opportunities","volume":"49","author":"Sterling","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am\u00a0Acad\u00a0Child\u00a0Adolesc\u00a0Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122415619617","article-title":"Childhood disadvantage and health problems in middle and later life:\u00a0early imprints on physical health?","volume":"81","author":"Ferraro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib43","series-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.10465","article-title":"Association of childhood history of parental incarceration and juvenile justice involvement with mental health in early adulthood","volume":"2","author":"Heard-Garris","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2018.06.005","article-title":"What is the relationship between incarceration of children and adult health outcomes?","volume":"19","author":"Barnert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122417713188","article-title":"Beyond incarceration: criminal justice contact and mental health","volume":"82","author":"Sugie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30259-3","article-title":"Mass incarceration, public health, and widening inequality in the USA","volume":"389","author":"Wildeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S145","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305448","article-title":"Mass incarceration and subsequent preventive health care: mechanisms and racial\/ethnic disparities","volume":"110","author":"Widdowson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.5318","article-title":"Incarceration history and access to and receipt of health care in the US (2024, February)","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib50","first-page":"1034","article-title":"Previous incarceration, health insurance, and the Affordable Care Act in the US","volume":"65","author":"Testa","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJPM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305400","article-title":"Eliminating gaps in Medicaid coverage during reentry after incarceration","volume":"110","author":"Albertson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib52","article-title":"Improving health to reduce risk of youth reoffending: results of a nurse navigator program for people involved in the youth justice system","author":"Boyle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int\u00a0J\u00a0Crime\u00a0Justice Soc\u00a0Democr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.0089","article-title":"Transitions clinic network: challenges and lessons in primary care for people released from prison","volume":"36","author":"Shavit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib54","unstructured":"Schroeder H., Kruszynski S. Expanding the Partners for Kids Vision: An Exploration of Initial Efforts to Meet the Care Coordination Needs of Justice- Involved Youth in Franklin County, Ohio. CareManagement. Published December 2023. Accessed October 5, 2025. \u3008https:\/\/issuu.com\/academyccm\/docs\/cm_dec\u3009 _2023_jan_2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib55","unstructured":"117th Congress (2021\u20132022). H.R.2617 - 117th Congress (2021\u20132022): Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023. Congress.gov. Published 2021. \u3008https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/house-bill\/2617\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.29454","article-title":"Medicaid expansion and mortality among persons who were formerly incarcerated","volume":"7","author":"Perera","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"}],"container-title":["Academic Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876285926000239?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876285926000239?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:18:59Z","timestamp":1782400739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876285926000239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1876285926000239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-2859"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-2859","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pediatric Criminal Legal System Involvement and Functional Limitations in Early Adulthood","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Academic Pediatrics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103241","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2026 by Academic Pediatric Association All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103241"}}