{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:48:16Z","timestamp":1782402496821,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,3,13]],"date-time":"2027-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1804896000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":346,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R34MH112648\\u201303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R34MH112648\\u201303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["academicpedsjnl.net","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Academic Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T20:26:31Z","timestamp":1771359991000},"page":"103250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Personalized ADHD Medication Experiments to Inform Decisions About Continued Medication Use: An Open-Label Trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3641-2388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyssa K.","family":"Banister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3464-5256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffery N.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9913-509X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin A.","family":"Hommel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7800-6515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maggie","family":"Breslin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5821-3097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melinda C.","family":"MacDougall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3861-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shelley","family":"Ehrlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3336-7637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William B.","family":"Brinkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1485","article-title":"Committee on Bioethics. Informed consent in decision-making in pediatric practice","volume":"138","author":"Katz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Parent-adolescent communication and adolescent decision-making","volume":"2","author":"White","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Article\u00a0J\u00a0Fam\u00a0Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib3","series-title":"Stress, Coping, and Resiliency in Children and Families","first-page":"107","article-title":"Family support, coping, and competence","author":"Wills","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/21.4.505","article-title":"Involving children and adolescents in medical decision making: developmental and clinical considerations","volume":"21","author":"McCabe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.461","article-title":"Fairness and reasonableness of the child's decision:' a proposed legal standard for children's participation in medical decision making","volume":"19","author":"Walker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav Sci Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2214.2003.00309.x","article-title":"Coping with chronic disease from the perspective of children and adolescents--a conceptual framework and its implications for participation","volume":"29","author":"Schmidt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10880-014-9388-1","article-title":"Relationship of youth involvement in diabetes-related decisions to treatment adherence","volume":"21","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol Med Settings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2569","article-title":"Parental angst making and revisiting decisions about treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"124","author":"Brinkman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-109","article-title":"Interventions to support children's engagement in health-related decisions: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Feenstra","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03509-5","article-title":"Decision-making for children and adolescents: a scoping review of interventions increasing participation in decision-making","volume":"97","author":"Bosch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2011.10.003","article-title":"In their own words: adolescent views on ADHD and their evolving role managing medication","volume":"12","author":"Brinkman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2528","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"144","author":"Wolraich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib13","article-title":"Supplemental information: implementing the key action statements of the AAP ADHD clinical practice guidelines: an algorithm and explanation for process of care for the evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of ADHD in children and adolescents","author":"Wolraich","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2017.09.005","article-title":"Reasons why children and adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder stop and restart taking medicine","volume":"18","author":"Brinkman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.09.001","article-title":"Trends in the parent-report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: United States, 2003-2011","volume":"53","author":"Visser","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12620","article-title":"Defining ADHD symptom persistence in adulthood: optimizing sensitivity and specificity","volume":"58","author":"Sibley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib17","first-page":"55","article-title":"The myADHDportal.com improvement program: an innovative quality improvement intervention for improving the quality of ADHD care among community-based pediatricians","volume":"1","author":"Epstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Pract Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2562-1161","article-title":"Provider adoption of an online attention deficit hyperactivity disorder eHealth care application","volume":"16","author":"Epstein","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1201","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0872","article-title":"Use of an Internet portal to improve community-based pediatric ADHD care: a cluster randomized trial","volume":"128","author":"Epstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4240","article-title":"Impact of a Web-Portal Intervention on Community ADHD Care and Outcomes","volume":"138","author":"Epstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2024.2335625","article-title":"ADHD prevalence among U.S. children and adolescents in 2022: diagnosis, severity, co-occurring disorders, and treatment","volume":"53","author":"Danielson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib22","first-page":"219","article-title":"Enhancing the effectiveness of special education programming for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder using a daily report card","volume":"39","author":"Fabiano","year":"2010","journal-title":"School\u00a0Psychol\u00a0Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.61.3.506","article-title":"Separate and combined effects of methylphenidate and behavior modification on boys with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in the classroom","volume":"61","author":"Pelham","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Consulting Clin\u00a0Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib24","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Employing think-aloud protocols and constructive interaction to test the usability of online library catalogues: a methodological comparison","volume":"16","author":"Van den Haak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Interact\u00a0Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/36043","article-title":"A 3-item measure of digital health care literacy: development and validation study","volume":"6","author":"Nelson","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsg046","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Vanderbilt ADHD diagnostic parent rating scale in a referred population","volume":"28","author":"Wolraich","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002892","article-title":"The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population","volume":"35","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e318245615b","article-title":"Clinical utility of the Vanderbilt ADHD diagnostic parent rating scale comorbidity screening scales","volume":"33","author":"Becker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib29","first-page":"167","article-title":"The Columbia Impairment Scale (CIS): pilot findings on a measure of global impairment for children and adolescents","volume":"3","author":"Bird","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int\u00a0J\u00a0Methods Psychiatr\u00a0Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib30","first-page":"339","article-title":"Criterion-related validity of behavioral and self-report measures of problem-solving communications","volume":"2","author":"Robin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Behav\u00a0Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib31","first-page":"21","article-title":"The control preferences scale","volume":"29","author":"Degner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can J Nurs Res. Fall"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X9501500105","article-title":"Validation of a decisional conflict scale","volume":"15","author":"O'Connor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsr097","article-title":"Measuring children's decision-making involvement regarding chronic illness management","volume":"37","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib34","series-title":"Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior","author":"Ajzen","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib35","first-page":"574","article-title":"An empirical evaluation of the system usability scale","volume":"24","author":"Bangor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int\u00a0J\u00a0Human Comput\u00a0Interact"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib36","article-title":"Reimagining the ADHD experience: transforming parent engagement in ADHD care","volume":"12","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J\u00a0Patient Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9666-z","article-title":"Evaluating a comprehensive strategy to improve engagement to group-based behavioral parent training for high-risk families of children with ADHD","volume":"40","author":"Chacko","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib38","first-page":"528","article-title":"An open trial of a brief engagement program for caregivers of children with ADHD","volume":"9","author":"Normand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Evid Based Pract\u00a0Child Adolesc\u00a0Ment\u00a0Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2013.04.009","article-title":"Shared decision-making to improve attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder care","volume":"93","author":"Brinkman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy6040122","article-title":"The construction and validation of child, adolescent and parental decision aids for considering methylphenidate drug holidays in ADHD","volume":"6","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2024.108320","article-title":"A pre-visit video\/question prompt list intervention to increase youth question-asking about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during pediatric visits","volume":"127","author":"Sleath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2015.03.011","article-title":"Shared decision making in pediatrics: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Wyatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2023.113492","article-title":"Adolescent decision-making involvement in the receipt of genomic testing results","volume":"259","author":"Berset","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Academic Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S187628592600032X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S187628592600032X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:13:52Z","timestamp":1782400432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S187628592600032X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S187628592600032X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-2859"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-2859","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Personalized ADHD Medication Experiments to Inform Decisions About Continued Medication Use: An Open-Label Trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Academic Pediatrics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103250","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2026 by Academic Pediatric Association All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103250"}}