{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T09:30:19Z","timestamp":1794475819326,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,6,16]],"date-time":"2027-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1813104000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":350,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD109187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD109187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD076390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD076390"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["academicpedsjnl.net","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Academic Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T23:27:45Z","timestamp":1776468465000},"page":"103325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Role of Harsh Discipline in Early Childhood Trajectories of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0892-5393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristyn A.","family":"Pierce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9392-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel S.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3375-3458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela A.","family":"Morris-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9861-4833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth B.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan L.","family":"Mendelsohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.su7102a1","article-title":"Mental health surveillance among children \u2014 United States, 2013\u20132019","volume":"71","author":"Bitsko","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199812000-00007","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders with onset in the preschool years: I. Stability of diagnoses","volume":"37","author":"Lavigne","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa343","article-title":"Prenatal diet and children\u2019s trajectories of anxiety and depression symptoms from 3 to 8 years: the EDEN mother-child cohort","volume":"151","author":"Collet","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02099.x","article-title":"Depression and anxiety symptoms: onset, developmental course and risk factors during early childhood","volume":"50","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-019-00550-5","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of anxiety and depression symptoms from early to middle childhood: a population-based cohort study in the Netherlands","volume":"47","author":"de Lijster","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1080\/01494929.2016.1247761","article-title":"Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with internalizing symptoms in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Pinquart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Marriage Fam Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01898.x","article-title":"Research review: the relation between child and parent anxiety and parental control: a meta-analytic review","volume":"49","author":"Van Der Bruggen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(80)90007-1","article-title":"Antecedents and consequences of parental rejection: a\u00a0theory of emotional abuse","volume":"4","author":"Rohner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.03.001","article-title":"Examining the association between parenting and childhood depression: a\u00a0meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"McLeod","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.09.002","article-title":"Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: a\u00a0meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"McLeod","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.4.539","article-title":"Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: a\u00a0meta-analytic and theoretical review","volume":"128","author":"Gershoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.S5.1952","article-title":"Parents\u2019 discipline of young children: results from the national survey of early childhood health","volume":"113","author":"Regalado","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/15295192.2018.1524242","article-title":"Parent spanking and verbal punishment, and young child internalizing and externalizing behaviors in latino immigrant families: test of moderation by context and culture","volume":"18","author":"Barajas-Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parent Sci Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-007-9070-6","article-title":"Harsh discipline and child problem behaviors: the roles of positive parenting and gender","volume":"22","author":"McKee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Fam Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib15","series-title":"Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents: A Developmental Analysis and Model for Intervention","first-page":"25","article-title":"The early development of coercive family process","author":"Patterson","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-021-00366-0","article-title":"Reducing poverty-related disparities in child development and school readiness: the smart beginnings tiered prevention strategy that combines pediatric primary care with home visiting","volume":"24","author":"Shaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.11.013","article-title":"Promoting cognitive stimulation in parents across infancy and toddlerhood: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"255","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-1799","article-title":"Improving parent-child interactions in pediatric health care: a two-site randomized controlled trial","volume":"147","author":"Roby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib19","series-title":"Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles","author":"Achenbach","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib20","series-title":"Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms and profiles","author":"Achenbach","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib21","first-page":"166","article-title":"The discipline survey: a new measure of parental discipline","volume":"4","author":"Socolar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ambul Pediatr Off J Ambul Pediatr Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.2307\/1128946","article-title":"Measurement of infant difficultness","volume":"50","author":"Bates","year":"1979","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2017.02.006","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in preschoolers: a review of the past 7 years","volume":"26","author":"Whalen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20020901-06","article-title":"The PHQ-9: a\u00a0new depression diagnostic and severity measure","volume":"32","author":"Kroenke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatr Ann"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib26","series-title":"Group-based modeling of development","author":"Nagin","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones B.L., Nagin D.S. A Stata Plugin for Estimating Group-Based Trajectory Models. Published online 2012.","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124113503141"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib28","unstructured":"StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 18. Published online 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2025-073172","article-title":"Promoting optimal development: screening for mental health, emotional, and behavioral problems: clinical report","volume":"156","author":"Weitzman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1102-4","article-title":"Preschool depression: a diagnostic reality","volume":"21","author":"Donohue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1325506","article-title":"Influence of early childhood parental hostility and socioeconomic stress on children\u2019s internalizing symptom trajectories from childhood to adolescence","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01676.x","article-title":"Childrearing discipline and violence in developing countries","volume":"83","author":"Lansford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib33","series-title":"Ethnicity and Causal Mechanisms","first-page":"204","article-title":"Cultural differences in the effects of physical punishment","author":"Deater-Deckard","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-052582","article-title":"Committee on psychosocial aspects of child and family health SODABP council on early childhood. Preventing childhood toxic stress: partnering with families and communities to promote relational health","volume":"148","author":"Garner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Academic Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876285926001075?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876285926001075?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T09:05:40Z","timestamp":1794474340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876285926001075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1876285926001075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-2859"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-2859","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Role of Harsh Discipline in Early Childhood Trajectories of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Academic Pediatrics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103325","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2026 by Academic Pediatric Association All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103325"}}