{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T19:43:43Z","timestamp":1792439023828,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T32HL155020-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32HL155020-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["academicpedsjnl.net","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Academic Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:49:06Z","timestamp":1791416946000},"page":"103443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pre-Pandemic Trends Re-emerge in Pediatric Pedestrian Injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4085-5255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassandra","family":"Peitzman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Alpern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Aronson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra T.","family":"Geanacopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika K.","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen Kays","family":"Gutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7429-6578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanine","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaa","family":"Kemal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark I.","family":"Neuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1645-917X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alon","family":"Peltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Shanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3749-4772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harold K.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5688-3074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordee M.","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Zamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Samuels-Kalow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; National Center for Statistics and Analysis. Children: 2023 Data. 2025. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/Publication\/813712"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0549-7","article-title":"Preventing injuries must be a priority to prevent disease in the twenty-first century","volume":"87","author":"Dorney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib3","unstructured":"Fatality and Injury Reporting System Tool (FIRST). Motor Vehicle Crash Data Querying and Reporting: 2019-2023. 2025. https:\/\/cdan.dot.gov\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09513-8","article-title":"Racial disparities in pedestrian-related injury hospitalizations in the United States","volume":"20","author":"Hamann","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":". 1","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S203","DOI":"10.1057\/jphp.2008.61","article-title":"Sociodemographic, family, and environmental factors associated with active commuting to school among US adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Babey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2023.03.017","article-title":"Pediatric Pedestrian Injuries: Striking Too Close to Home","volume":"58","author":"Saberi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2020.03.008","article-title":"Unequal traveling: How school district and family characteristics shape the duration of students\u2019 commute to school","volume":"20","author":"Fast","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Behav Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib8","unstructured":"Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Fatality Facts 2024: Pedestrians. 2026. https:\/\/www.iihs.org\/topics\/fatality-statistics\/detail\/pedestrians"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-062508","article-title":"Epidemiology and Prevention of Child Pedestrian Injury","volume":"152","author":"Kendi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.04.006","article-title":"U.S. school travel, 2009: an assessment of trends","volume":"41","author":"McDonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib11","article-title":"U.S. active school travel in 2017: Prevalence and correlates","volume":"17","author":"Kontou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003687","article-title":"Pediatric injury trends and relationships with social vulnerability during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multi-institutional analysis","volume":"94","author":"Flynn-O\u2019Brien","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6935a2","article-title":"Timing of State and Territorial COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Orders and Changes in Population Movement \u2014 United States, March 1\u2013May 31, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Moreland","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib14","unstructured":"Badger E., Blatt B., Katz J. Why Are So Many American Pedestrians Dying at Night? The New York Times. December 11, 2023. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2023\/12\/11\/upshot\/nighttime-deaths.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003523","article-title":"Higher risk of auto versus pedestrian crashes in school-age children on school days","volume":"93","author":"Morrison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery"},{"issue":"July","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.07.007","article-title":"Driver and road characteristics associated with child pedestrian injuries","volume":"131","author":"Fridman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib17","first-page":"142","article-title":"O\u2019Connor RC. The diurnal and seasonal relationships of pedestrian injuries secondary to motor vehicles in young people","volume":"26","author":"Akhtar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trauma (United Kingdom)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib18","article-title":"Which Pandemic-Induced Changes in Work and Commuting Are Sticking, and","author":"Siddiq","year":"2025","journal-title":"What Does This Mean for Public Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib19","unstructured":"U.S. Federal Highway Administration via FRED. U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Moving 12-Month Total Vehicle Miles Traveled [M12MTVUSM227NFWA]. 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib20","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; National Center for Statistics and Analysis. Pedestrians: 2023 Data. 2025. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/Publication\/813727"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib21","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; National Center for Statistics and Analysis. Pedestrians: 2022 Data. 2024. https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/Publication\/813590"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib22","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Pedestrians: 2021 Data. 2023. https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/Publication\/813458"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib23","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. ICD-10: 2025 Code Tables, Tabular and Index (ZIP). 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib24","unstructured":"American College of Surgeons. Resources for Optimal Care of the Injured Patient 2022 Standards - Revised July 2025. 2025;(March 2022). https:\/\/www.facs.org\/quality-programs\/trauma\/quality\/verification-review-and-consultation-program\/standards\/2022-resources-repository\/access\/"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib25","unstructured":"Institute for Equity in Child Opportunity & Healthy Development Boston University School of Social Work. Child Opportunity Index 3.0-2023. 2025. https:\/\/www.diversitydatakids.org\/research-library\/child-opportunity-index-30-2023-zip-code-data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib26","unstructured":"Average Wage Indexing (AWI) Series. https:\/\/www.ssa.gov\/oact\/cola\/awiseries.html"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thieurmel B., Elmarhraoui A. Suncalc: Compute Sun Position, Sunlight Phases, Moon Position and Lunar Phase. 2022. doi:10.32614\/CRAN.package.suncalc","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.suncalc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2010.04.012","article-title":"Validating the injury severity score (ISS) in different populations: ISS predicts mortality better among hispanics and females","volume":"166","author":"Bolorunduro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Surgical Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2013-041042","article-title":"ISS groups: Are we speaking the same language?","volume":"20","author":"Rozenfeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Injury Prevention"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.04.030","article-title":"Cause, treatment costs and 12-month functional outcomes of children with major injury in NSW, Australia","volume":"51","author":"Curtis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-015-0137-8","article-title":"Injury pattern, outcome and characteristics of severely injured pedestrian","volume":"23","author":"Reith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib32","unstructured":"Carey V.J. Gee: Generalized Estimation Equation Solver. 2024. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=gee"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib33","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib34","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc. SAS Software. Version 9.4. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. SAS Institute Inc.; 2016."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2025.1041","article-title":"Temporal Trends in the Childhood Opportunity Index at Children\u2019s Hospitals","volume":"179","author":"House","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7108e1","article-title":"Pediatric Emergency Department Visits Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic \u2014 United States, January 2019\u2013January 2022","volume":"71","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.11.005","article-title":"Care-seeking behaviors for pediatric acute illnesses during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"64","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-024-00497-2","article-title":"Injury and fatality risks for child pedestrians and cyclists on public roads","volume":"11","author":"Swedler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inj Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2022.08.029","article-title":"Pediatric Injury Transfer Patterns During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Interrupted time Series Analysis","volume":"281","author":"Flynn-O\u2019Brien","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Surgical Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e285","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2023-007287","article-title":"Inter-hospital variation in COVID-19 era pediatric hospitalizations by age group and diagnosis","volume":"13","author":"Murosko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hosp Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000003487","article-title":"Race, Ethnicity, and Intensive Care Utilization for Common Pediatric Diagnoses: United States Pediatric Health Information System 2019 Database Study","volume":"25","author":"Slain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatric Critical Care Medicine"}],"container-title":["Academic Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876285926002251?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876285926002251?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T18:56:53Z","timestamp":1792436213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876285926002251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S1876285926002251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-2859"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-2859","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pre-Pandemic Trends Re-emerge in Pediatric Pedestrian Injury","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Academic Pediatrics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2026.103443","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier, Inc. on behalf of Academic Pediatric Association.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103443"}}