{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:51:10Z","timestamp":1791978670982,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anaesthesia Critical Care &amp; Pain Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,16]],"date-time":"2017-11-16T16:05:33Z","timestamp":1510848333000},"page":"83-98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Hospital-acquired pneumonia in ICU"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Marc","family":"Leone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lila","family":"Bouadma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9la\u00efd","family":"Bouhemad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Brissaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Dauger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Gibot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Hraiech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Kipnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoann","family":"Launey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles-Edouard","family":"Luyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri","family":"Margetis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djamel","family":"Mokart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Montravers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Monsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Nseir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Pugin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Roquilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Velly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Ralph","family":"Zahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"Bruy\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9rald","family":"Chanques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0005","article-title":"Nosocomial pneumonia in 27 ICUs in Europe: perspectives from the EU-VAP\/CAP study","author":"Koulenti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0010","article-title":"The epidemiology of non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia in the United States","author":"Giuliano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70081-1","article-title":"Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised prevention studies","volume":"13","author":"Melsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201412-2316OC","article-title":"Determining the ideal strategy for ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention. Cost-benefit analysis","volume":"192","author":"Branch-Elliman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1086\/653035","article-title":"Hospital-acquired pneumonia, health care-associated pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis: definitions and challenges in trial design","volume":"51","author":"Niederman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0030","first-page":"CD000072","article-title":"Interprofessional collaboration: effects of practice-based interventions on professional practice and healthcare outcomes","author":"Zwarenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.19.2294","article-title":"Improvement in process of care and outcome after a multicenter severe sepsis educational program in Spain","volume":"299","author":"Ferrer","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.2427","article-title":"Associations between ventilator bundle components and outcomes","volume":"176","author":"Klompas","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002184","article-title":"Survival Benefit and cost savings from compliance with a simplified 3-hour sepsis bundle in a series of prospective, multisite, observational cohorts","volume":"45","author":"Leisman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.697","article-title":"Hospital mortality, length of stay, and preventable complications among critically ill patients before and after tele-ICU reengineering of critical care processes","volume":"305","author":"Lilly","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1086\/656737","article-title":"Long-term impact of a multifaceted prevention program on ventilator-associated pneumonia in a medical ICU","volume":"51","author":"Bouadma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201301-0116OC","article-title":"Implementation of an evidence-based extubation readiness bundle in 499 brain-injured patients. A before-after evaluation of a quality improvement project","volume":"188","author":"Roquilly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.3.1650","article-title":"Impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia on outcome in patients with COPD","volume":"128","author":"Nseir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.10.019","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the pediatric ICU: characterizing the problem and implementing a sustainable solution","volume":"154","author":"Bigham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs.2011.051243","article-title":"Rebound in ventilator-associated pneumonia rates during a prevention checklist washout period","volume":"20","author":"Cheema","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ Qual Saf"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2012.03.027","article-title":"Risk factors and interventions for ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric patients","volume":"27","author":"Morinec","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-011-1538-y","article-title":"Reducing VAP by instituting a care bundle using improvement methodology in a UK pediatric ICU","volume":"171","author":"Brierley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1086\/666342","article-title":"Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC). Part II: Impact of a multidimensional strategy to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonatal ICUs in 10 developing countries","volume":"33","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2013.09.026","article-title":"Assessing the impact of an educational intervention on ventilator-associated pneumonia in a pediatric critical care unit","volume":"42","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000714","article-title":"Implementation of a ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention bundle in a single PICU","volume":"17","author":"De Cristofano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.09.021","article-title":"Implementing a care bundle approach reduces ventilator-associated pneumonia and delays ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis in children: differences according to endotracheal or tracheostomy devices","volume":"52","author":"Pe\u00f1a-L\u00f3pez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0110","first-page":"CD000022","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving intensive care","volume":"4","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.7703","article-title":"Selective decontamination of the oral and digestive tract in surgical versus non-surgical patients in intensive care in a cluster-randomized trial","volume":"99","author":"Melsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu740","article-title":"Pneumonia prevention to decrease mortality in ICU: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Roquilly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0800394","article-title":"Decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in ICU patients","volume":"360","author":"de Smet","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70322-5","article-title":"Effect of selective decontamination on antimicrobial resistance in ICUs: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Daneman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01314-2015","article-title":"Empiric antimicrobial therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia after brain injury","volume":"47","author":"Roquilly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000819","article-title":"Noninvasive ventilation and survival in acute care settings: a comprehensive systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"43","author":"Cabrini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.2706","article-title":"Effect of noninvasive ventilation on tracheal reintubation among patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure following abdominal surgery: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"315","author":"Jaber","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E112","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.130974","article-title":"Noninvasive ventilation as a weaning strategy for mechanical ventilation in adults with respiratory failure: a Cochrane systematic review","volume":"186","author":"Burns","year":"2014","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3880","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003880","article-title":"Use of noninvasive ventilation at the pulmonary infection control window for acute respiratory failure in AECOPD patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on GRADE approach","volume":"95","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccm.0000282733.83089.4d","article-title":"Effect of a nurse-implemented sedation protocol on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"35","author":"Quenot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000150268.04228.68","article-title":"Sedation algorithm in critically ill patients without acute brain injury","volume":"33","author":"De Jonghe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200112000-00005","article-title":"Early enteral nutrition in acutely ill patients: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Marik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1664-4","article-title":"Early enteral nutrition, provided within 24h of injury or ICU admission, significantly reduces mortality in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"35","author":"Doig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4665-0","article-title":"Early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: ESICM clinical practice guidelines","volume":"43","author":"Reintam Blaser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R77","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13837","article-title":"Continuous endotracheal tube cuff pressure control system protects against ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"18","author":"Lorente","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000266686.95843.7D","article-title":"Automatic control of tracheal tube cuff pressure in ventilated patients in semirecumbent position: a randomized trial","volume":"35","author":"Valencia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201104-0630OC","article-title":"Continuous control of tracheal cuff pressure and microaspiration of gastric contents in critically ill patients","volume":"184","author":"Nseir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001414","article-title":"Subglottic secretion drainage and objective outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Caroff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318218a4d9","article-title":"Subglottic secretion drainage for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Muscedere","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.3.9712076","article-title":"A randomized study assessing the systematic search for maxillary sinusitis in nasotracheally mechanically ventilated patients. Influence of nosocomial maxillary sinusitis on the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"159","author":"Holzapfel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00007-7","article-title":"Effect of early versus late or no tracheostomy on mortality and pneumonia of critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Siempos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.5154","article-title":"TracMan Collaborators. Effect of early vs late tracheostomy placement on survival in patients receiving mechanical ventilation: the TracMan randomized trial","volume":"309","author":"Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a2770f","volume":"42","author":"Seguin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-3125-3","article-title":"Stress ulcer prophylaxis versus placebo or no prophylaxis in critically ill patients. A systematic review of randomised clinical trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis","volume":"40","author":"Krag","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0235","first-page":"CD008875","article-title":"Post-pyloric versus gastric tube feeding for preventing pneumonia and improving nutritional outcomes in critically ill adults","volume":"8","author":"Alkhawaja","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1434-y","article-title":"Probiotic and synbiotic therapy in critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Manzanares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0245","first-page":"CD009066","article-title":"Probiotics for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"Bo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83934","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083934","article-title":"Probiotics for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of high-quality randomized controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem403","article-title":"Closed tracheal suction systems for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"100","author":"Siempos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0260","first-page":"CD009201","article-title":"Silver-coated endotracheal tubes for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients","volume":"8","author":"Tokmaji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201408-1398OC","article-title":"Randomized intubation with polyurethane or conical cuffs to prevent pneumonia in ventilated patients","volume":"191","author":"Philippart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0270","first-page":"CD004711","article-title":"Heated humidification versus heat and moisture exchangers for ventilated adults and children","author":"Kelly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2253-14-115","article-title":"Effectiveness of heat and moisture exchangers in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Menegueti","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.18400","article-title":"Chlorhexidine bathing and health care-associated infections: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"313","author":"Noto","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001820","article-title":"Effect of chlorhexidine bathing every other day on prevention of hospital-acquired infections in the surgical ICU: a single-center, randomized controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Swan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/143.5_Pt_1.1121","article-title":"Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic \u201cblind\u201d bronchoalveolar lavage fluid","volume":"143","author":"Pugin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"6 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.6.8520766","article-title":"Bronchoscopic or blind sampling techniques for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"152","author":"Papazian","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200212-1449OC","article-title":"Diagnosing pneumonia during mechanical ventilation: the clinical pulmonary infection score revisited","volume":"168","author":"Fartoukh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-003-2018-2","article-title":"Clinical pulmonary infection score for ventilator-associated pneumonia: accuracy and inter-observer variability","volume":"30","author":"Schurink","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.10.867","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia revisited: comparative validation using immediate post-mortem lung biopsies","volume":"54","author":"F\u00e0bregas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2008.01.006","article-title":"The value of pretest probability and modified clinical pulmonary infection score to diagnose ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"23","author":"Lauzier","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000055380.86458.1E","article-title":"Resolution of ventilator-associated pneumonia: prospective evaluation of the clinical pulmonary infection score as an early clinical predictor of outcome","volume":"31","author":"Luna","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.2.9909095","article-title":"Short-course empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the intensive care unit. A proposed solution for indiscriminate antibiotic prescription","volume":"162","author":"Singh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-003-2125-0","article-title":"Value of the clinical pulmonary infection score for the identification and management of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"30","author":"Luyt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.09.003","article-title":"Risk prediction models for mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Larsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0340","first-page":"CD006482","article-title":"Quantitative versus qualitative cultures of respiratory secretions for clinical outcomes in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia","author":"Berton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-132-8-200004180-00004","article-title":"Invasive and noninvasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized trial","volume":"132","author":"Fagon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw504","article-title":"Executive summary: management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society","volume":"63","author":"Kalil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.14.1583","article-title":"Does this patient have ventilator-associated pneumonia?","volume":"297","author":"Klompas","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-016-0202-0","article-title":"Increased mortality in hematological malignancy patients with acute respiratory failure from undetermined etiology: a Groupe de Recherche en R\u00e9animation Respiratoire en Onco-H\u00e9matologique (Grrr-OH) study","volume":"6","author":"Contejean","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000295590.33145.C4","article-title":"Diagnostic bronchoscopy in hematology and oncology patients with acute respiratory failure: prospective multicenter data","volume":"36","author":"Azoulay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201001-0018OC","article-title":"Diagnostic strategy for hematology and oncology patients with acute respiratory failure: randomized controlled trial","volume":"182","author":"Azoulay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199911000-00035","article-title":"Blind protected specimen brush and bronchoalveolar lavage in ventilated children","volume":"27","author":"Labenne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000090290.53959.F4","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia in intubated children: comparison of different diagnostic methods","volume":"4","author":"Gauvin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3181bc5b00","article-title":"Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in children in resource-limited setting: a comparative study of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic methods","volume":"11","author":"Sachdev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e318260129d","article-title":"Diagnosis of bacterial ventilator-associated pneumonia in children: reproducibility of blind bronchial sampling","volume":"14","author":"Sachdev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000106","article-title":"The lack of specificity of tracheal aspirates in the diagnosis of pulmonary infection in intubated children","volume":"15","author":"Willson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00086707","article-title":"Sequential measurements of procalcitonin levels in diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"31","author":"Ramirez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-008-1112-x","article-title":"Usefulness of procalcitonin for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"34","author":"Luyt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-49","article-title":"Serum procalcitonin for the early recognition of nosocomial infection in the critically ill patients: a preliminary report","volume":"9","author":"Charles","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-1833-5","article-title":"Microbiogical data, but not procalcitonin improve the accuracy of the clinical pulmonary infection score","volume":"36","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.00979","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of plasma procalcitonin for nosocomial pneumonia in the ICU setting","volume":"56","author":"Dallas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2012732","article-title":"Diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients with sepsis","volume":"21","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2015-0656","article-title":"Diagnostic values of CD64 C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in ventilator-associated pneumonia in adult trauma patients: a pilot study","volume":"54","author":"Habib","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540701199832","article-title":"Combined measurement of procalcitonin and soluble TREM-1 in the diagnosis of nosocomial sepsis","volume":"39","author":"Gibot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031544","article-title":"Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells and the diagnosis of pneumonia","volume":"350","author":"Gibot","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-2818-7","article-title":"Serial changes in soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells in the lung during development of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"31","author":"Determann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2731","article-title":"Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1 is increased in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia: a preliminary report","volume":"132","author":"Horonenko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-1829","article-title":"Diagnostic implications of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in BAL fluid of patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the ICU","volume":"135","author":"Anand","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01703","article-title":"Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) as a diagnostic marker of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"57","author":"Palazzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R50","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10015","article-title":"Diagnostic implications of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and abdominal diseases: a preliminary observational study","volume":"15","author":"Ramirez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000640","article-title":"Impact of appropriateness of initial antibiotic therapy on the outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"27","author":"Dupont","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2006.12.019","article-title":"Inadequate treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: risk factors and impact on outcomes","volume":"65","author":"Teixeira","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000253404.69418.AA","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia: breaking the vicious circle of antibiotic overuse","volume":"35","author":"Leone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-005-4021-8","article-title":"Hospital-acquired pneumonia in critically ill patients: factors associated with episodes due to imipenem-resistant organisms","volume":"33","author":"Leroy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2011.09.004","article-title":"The adequacy of timely empiric antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia: an important determinant of outcome","volume":"27","author":"Muscedere","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2007.08.007","article-title":"Impact of inappropriate antibiotic therapy on mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and blood stream infection: a meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Kuti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu219","article-title":"A phase 3 randomized double-blind comparison of ceftobiprole medocaril versus ceftazidime plus linezolid for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia","volume":"59","author":"Awad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R52","DOI":"10.1186\/cc4879","article-title":"Combination therapy versus monotherapy: a randomised pilot study on the evolution of inflammatory parameters after ventilator associated pneumonia [ISRCTN31976779]","volume":"10","author":"Damas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0B013E31816203D6","article-title":"Randomized trial of combination versus monotherapy for the empiric treatment of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"36","author":"Heyland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0515","first-page":"CD004267","article-title":"Antibiotics for ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"Arthur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2001.13.1.70","article-title":"Efficacy of meropenem as monotherapy in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"13","author":"Alvarez Lerma","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00627-10","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis","volume":"54","author":"Paul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics2030339","article-title":"Empirical antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"2","author":"Swanson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000275389.31974.22","article-title":"Optimal management therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia: an observational, multicenter study comparing monotherapy with combination antibiotic therapy","volume":"35","author":"Garnacho-Montero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-308","article-title":"Impact of adequate empirical combination therapy on mortality from bacteremic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2016.1277035","article-title":"Impact of combination therapy and early de-escalation on outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"49","author":"Deconinck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.008","article-title":"ICU-acquired pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa with and without multidrug resistance","volume":"74","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Barat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.12.006","article-title":"\u03b2-Lactam plus aminoglycoside or fluoroquinolone combination versus \u03b2-lactam monotherapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Vardakas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181e96b91","article-title":"A survival benefit of combination antibiotic therapy for serious infections associated with sepsis and septic shock is contingent only on the risk of death: a meta-analytic\/meta-regression study","volume":"38","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R28","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11197","article-title":"Early use of imipenem\/cilastatin and vancomycin followed by de-escalation versus conventional antimicrobials without de-escalation for patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia in a medical ICU: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.5.1210","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and treatment patterns among patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"129","author":"Kollef","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00081007","article-title":"Impact of methicillin resistance on mortality in Staphylococcus aureus VAP: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Athanassa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000201885.57697.21","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prolongs ICU stay in ventilator-associated pneumonia, despite initially appropriate antibiotic therapy","volume":"34","author":"Shorr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00093010","article-title":"Determinants of prescription and choice of empirical therapy for hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"37","author":"Rello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0590","series-title":"Surveillance des infections nosocomiales en r\u00e9animation adulte, R\u00e9seau REA-Raisin, France. R\u00e9sultats 2015","first-page":"66","author":"Sant\u00e9 publique France","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0595","first-page":"CD007934","article-title":"De-escalation of antimicrobial treatment for adults with sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock","volume":"3","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-014-3411-8","article-title":"De-escalation versus continuation of empirical antimicrobial treatment in severe sepsis: a multicenter non-blinded randomized non-inferiority trial","volume":"40","author":"Leone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-3077-7","article-title":"De-escalation of empirical therapy is associated with lower mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"40","author":"Garnacho-Montero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0619-x","article-title":"De-escalation therapy rates are significantly higher by bronchoalveolar lavage than by tracheal aspirate","volume":"33","author":"Giantsou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R79","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10072","article-title":"Impact of de-escalation therapy on clinical outcomes for ICU-acquired pneumonia","volume":"15","author":"Joung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R225","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9373","article-title":"De-escalation as part of a global strategy of empiric antibiotherapy management. A retrospective study in a medico-surgical ICU","volume":"14","author":"Morel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S65928","article-title":"Safety and feasibility of antibiotic de-escalation in bacteremic pneumonia","volume":"7","author":"Khasawneh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31819dca4e","article-title":"Does de-escalation of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia affect the likelihood of recurrent pneumonia or mortality in critically ill surgical patients?","volume":"66","author":"Eachempati","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2007.12.006","article-title":"The safety of targeted antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a multicenter observational study","volume":"23","author":"Joffe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0640","first-page":"CD007577","article-title":"Short-course versus prolonged-course antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia in critically ill adults","volume":"8","author":"Pugh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-0076","article-title":"Short- vs. long-duration antibiotic regimens for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"144","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.19.2588","article-title":"Comparison of 8 vs. 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial","volume":"290","author":"Chastre","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R218","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11862","article-title":"A randomized trial of 7-day doripenem versus 10-day imipenem-cilastatin for ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"16","author":"Kollef","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41290","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041290","article-title":"Early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults randomized clinical trial: comparison of 8 versus 15 days of antibiotic treatment","volume":"7","author":"Capellier","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annfar.2008.10.021","article-title":"[Duration of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia: comparison of 7 and 10 days. A pilot study]","volume":"28","author":"Fekih Hassen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Fr Anesth Reanim"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.2.9909095","article-title":"Short-course empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the ICU. A proposed solution for indiscriminate antibiotic prescription","volume":"162","author":"Singh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2006.051","article-title":"Aerosolized tobramycin in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Hallal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0680","article-title":"A randomized trial of the amikacin fosfomycin inhalation system for the adjunctive therapy of Gram-negative ventilator-associated pneumonia: IASIS Trial","author":"Kollef","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201312-2161OC","article-title":"Reduction of bacterial resistance with inhaled antibiotics in the ICU","volume":"189","author":"Palmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31817c0f9e","article-title":"Aerosolized antibiotics and ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis in the ICU","volume":"36","author":"Palmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201011-1894OC","article-title":"Nebulized ceftazidime and amikacin in ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"184","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2420-0","article-title":"BAY41-6551 achieves bactericidal tracheal aspirate amikacin concentrations in mechanically ventilated patients with Gram-negative pneumonia","volume":"38","author":"Niederman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq360","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of nebulized colistimethate sodium as adjunctive therapy of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"65","author":"Rattanaumpawan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000771","article-title":"The role of aerosolized colistin in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"43","author":"Valachis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0868-y","article-title":"Nebulized antibiotics for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Zampieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31827515de","article-title":"Efficacy of high-dose nebulized colistin in ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"117","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001570","article-title":"Nebulization of antiinfective agents in invasively mechanically ventilated adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"126","author":"Sol\u00e9-Lleonart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0688-x","article-title":"Reliability of mini-bronchoalveolar lavage for the measurement of epithelial lining fluid concentrations of tobramycin in critically ill patients","volume":"33","author":"Boselli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(99)70103-7","article-title":"Tobramycin penetration into epithelial lining fluid of patients with pneumonia","volume":"65","author":"Carcas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R200","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8206","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and lung delivery of PDDS-aerosolized amikacin (NKTR-061) in intubated and mechanically ventilated patients with nosocomial pneumonia","volume":"13","author":"Luyt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200204-363OC","article-title":"Lung deposition and efficiency of nebulized amikacin during Escherichia coli pneumonia in ventilated piglets","volume":"166","author":"Goldstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.2.2107025","article-title":"Lung tissue concentrations of nebulized amikacin during mechanical ventilation in piglets with healthy lungs","volume":"165","author":"Goldstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-1879-4","article-title":"Nebulized and intravenous colistin in experimental pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201209-1718OC","article-title":"A multicenter randomized trial of atorvastatin therapy in intensive care patients with severe sepsis","volume":"187","author":"Kruger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201006-0955OC","article-title":"Continuation of statin therapy in patients with presumed infection: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"183","author":"Kruger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1429-0","article-title":"The effects of statin therapy on inflammatory cytokines in patients with bacterial infections: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial","volume":"35","author":"Novack","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280031","article-title":"Effect of statin therapy on mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"310","author":"Papazian","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R231","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11895","article-title":"Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of 40mg\/day of atorvastatin in reducing the severity of sepsis in ward patients (ASEPSIS Trial)","volume":"16","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R71","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13828","article-title":"Effect of statin therapy on mortality from infection and sepsis: a meta-analysis of randomized and observational studies","volume":"18","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R83","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13845","article-title":"Impact of prior statin therapy on the outcome of patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia: an observational study","volume":"18","author":"Bruyere","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2156-1","article-title":"Assessment of panobacumab as adjunctive immunotherapy for the treatment of nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia","volume":"33","author":"Que","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006_bib0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr046","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and safety of panobacumab: specific adjunctive immunotherapy in critical patients with nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa O11 pneumonia","volume":"66","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"}],"container-title":["Anaesthesia Critical Care &amp; Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352556817303338?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352556817303338?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T12:55:05Z","timestamp":1693227305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352556817303338"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S2352556817303338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-5568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-5568","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hospital-acquired pneumonia in ICU","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.11.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise d'anesth\u00e9sie et de r\u00e9animation (Sfar).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}