{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:06:23Z","timestamp":1792598783797,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82071901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014882","name":"Hebei Department of Finance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014882","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2022206586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2022206586"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T12:34:32Z","timestamp":1737635672000},"page":"101484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery associated with perioperative gut microbiota dysbiosis: Evidence from human and antibiotic-treated mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Peiying","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lichao","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sichen","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueji","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sufang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5754-2706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lining","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00236-z","volume":"6","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Delirium. Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2015.2606","article-title":"Effect of delirium and other major complications on outcomes after elective surgery in older adults","volume":"150","author":"Gleason","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.0144","article-title":"Six-year cognitive trajectory in older adults following major surgery and delirium","volume":"183","author":"Kunicki","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326789","article-title":"Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights","volume":"71","author":"de Vos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01689-6","article-title":"Surgery-induced gut microbial dysbiosis promotes cognitive impairment via regulation of intestinal function and the metabolite palmitic amide","volume":"11","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13103","article-title":"Abnormal composition of gut microbiota contributes to delirium\u2010like behaviors after abdominal surgery in mice","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.05.006","article-title":"Intestinal dysbacteriosis mediates the reference memory deficit induced by anaesthesia\/surgery in aged mice","volume":"80","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0040","article-title":"Preoperative status of gut microbiota predicts postoperative delirium in patients with gastric cancer","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02450-1","article-title":"The association between gut microbiota and postoperative delirium in patients","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain communication","volume":"16","author":"Dalile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6211","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-02971-8","article-title":"SCFAs ameliorate chronic postsurgical pain-related cognition dysfunction via the ACSS2-HDAC2 axis in rats","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.664641","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolite short-chain fatt acids partially reverse surgery and anesthesia-induced behavior deficits in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4916","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad303","article-title":"Microbiota from Alzheimer\u2019s patients induce deficits in cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"146","author":"Grabrucker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7122","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","article-title":"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest","volume":"444","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6371","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar4301","article-title":"Lung inflammation originating in the gut","volume":"359","author":"Mj\u00f6sberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.03.023","article-title":"The gut microbiome from middle-aged women with depression modulates depressive-like behaviors and plasma fatty acid metabolism in female middle-aged mice","volume":"173","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.05.008","article-title":"Altered microbiomes distinguish Alzheimer\u2019s disease from amnestic mild cognitive impairment and health in a Chinese cohort","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.12.049","article-title":"A sensitive GC\/MS detection method for analyzing microbial metabolites short chain fatty acids in fecal and serum samples","volume":"196","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02467-22","article-title":"The microbial and metabolic signatures of patients with stable coronary artery disease","volume":"10","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.305","article-title":"Microbial diversity in clinical microbiome studies: sample size and statistical power considerations","volume":"158","author":"Casals-Pascual","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01243-w","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transfer between young and aged mice reverses hallmarks of the aging gut, eye, and brain","volume":"10","author":"Parker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29874","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29874","article-title":"Battery of behavioral tests in mice to study postoperative delirium","volume":"6","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.04.002","article-title":"Systemic inflammation induces acute working memory deficits in the primed brain: relevance for delirium","volume":"33","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05149-7","article-title":"Automated phenotyping of postoperative delirium-like behaviour in mice reveals the therapeutic efficacy of dexmedetomidine","volume":"6","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"9920","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1","article-title":"Delirium in elderly people","volume":"383","author":"Inouye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-024-00678-0","article-title":"Gut microbial features and circulating metabolomic signatures of frailty in older adults","volume":"4","author":"Pu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.07.002","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment has similar alterations as Alzheimer\u2019s disease in gut microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13103","article-title":"Abnormal composition of gut microbiota contributes to delirium-like behaviors after abdominal surgery in mice","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"issue":"7464","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12506","article-title":"Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers","volume":"500","author":"Le Chatelier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321747","article-title":"Gut microbiome stability and resilience: elucidating the response to perturbations in order to modulate gut health","volume":"70","author":"Fassarella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0053-2018","article-title":"Pathogenicity of enterococci","volume":"7","author":"Fiore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"1 Pt B","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.102111","article-title":"Changes of intestinal flora and the effect on intestinal function in infants with ventricular septal defect after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Prob Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.05.007","article-title":"High-resolution analyses of associations between medications, microbiome, and mortality in cancer patients","volume":"186","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2246184","article-title":"Multi-omics analysis revealing the interplay between gut microbiome and the host following opioid use","volume":"15","author":"Kolli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5372","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14245372","article-title":"Association between fecal microbiota, SCFA, gut integrity markers and depressive symptoms in patients treated in the past with bariatric surgery-the cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Komorniak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00102.2004","article-title":"Gastroduodenal mucus bicarbonate barrier: protection against acid and pepsin","volume":"288","author":"Allen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.104638","article-title":"Butyrate enhances the intestinal barrier by facilitating tight junction assembly via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in Caco-2 cell monolayers","volume":"139","author":"Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47273-w","article-title":"Immunoregulatory role of the gut microbiota in inflammatory depression","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.03.009","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids suppress food intake by activating vagal afferent neurons","volume":"57","author":"Goswami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01014-8","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids: linking diet, the microbiome and immunity","volume":"24","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005489","article-title":"Orthopedic surgery causes gut microbiome dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction in prodromal Alzheimer disease patients: a prospective observational cohort study","volume":"276","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0210","article-title":"Electroacupuncture attenuates surgical pain-induced delirium-like behavior in mice via remodeling gut microbiota and dendritic spine","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4332","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI43918","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus domination of intestinal microbiota is enabled by antibiotic treatment in mice and precedes bloodstream invasion in humans","volume":"120","author":"Ubeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00773-y","article-title":"Gut microbiome signatures of nursing home residents carrying Enterobacteria producing extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases","volume":"9","author":"Le Bastard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15896","article-title":"Postoperative systemic inflammatory dysregulation and corticosteroids: a narrative review","volume":"78","author":"Bain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5240","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-024-15394-7","article-title":"Probiotic compounds enhanced recovery after surgery for patients with distal gastric cancer: a prospective, controlled clinical trial","volume":"31","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"}],"container-title":["Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352556825000165?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352556825000165?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T20:43:11Z","timestamp":1778877791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352556825000165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S2352556825000165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-5568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-5568","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery associated with perioperative gut microbiota dysbiosis: Evidence from human and antibiotic-treated mouse model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101484","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise d'Anesth\u00e9sie et de R\u00e9animation (SFAR).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101484"}}