{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T05:16:57Z","timestamp":1784870217113,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"State Agency of Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-107986RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107986RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRE2020-091845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2020-091845"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T19:43:59Z","timestamp":1758829439000},"page":"101613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) in chronic pain patients: Effects on daily-reported symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Gil-Ugidos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Alc\u00e1ntara-Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Rubal-Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Mayo-Moldes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noelia","family":"Samartin-Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Carrillo-de-la-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.06.009","article-title":"Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Breivik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.04.006","article-title":"The silent epidemic of chronic pain in older adults","volume":"93","author":"Domenichiello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.03.023","article-title":"Chronic pain: a review of its epidemiology and associated factors in population-based studies","volume":"123","author":"Mills","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.11.040","article-title":"Peripheral and central viewpoints of chronic pain, and translational implications","volume":"702","author":"Apkarian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-019-0813-1","article-title":"Descending control mechanisms and chronic pain","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.06.004","article-title":"Brain mechanisms of chronic pain: critical role of translational approach","author":"Barroso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2020.11.002","article-title":"Conditioned pain modulation\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"51","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21596","article-title":"American College of Rheumatology 2012 recommendations for the use of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies in osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee","volume":"64","author":"Hochberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000249","article-title":"Opioids compared with placebo or other treatments for chronic low back pain: an update of the cochrane review","volume":"39","author":"Chaparro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12634","article-title":"Analgesic efficacy of opioids in chronic pain: recent meta\u2010analyses","volume":"172","author":"Reinecke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2016.10.002","article-title":"A comprehensive database of published tDCS clinical trials (2005\u20132016)","volume":"46","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.05.023","article-title":"Home-based self-administered transcranial direct current stimulation in older adults with knee osteoarthritis pain: an open-label study","volume":"66","author":"Ahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.06.013","article-title":"Large treatment effect with extended home-based transcranial direct current stimulation over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in fibromyalgia: a proof of concept sham-randomized clinical study","volume":"21","author":"Brietzke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.06.003","article-title":"Self-administered transcranial direct current stimulation for pain in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled study","volume":"15","author":"Martorella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.01.020","article-title":"Does anodal transcranial direct current stimulation modulate sensory perception and pain? A meta-analysis study","volume":"125","author":"Vaseghi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001","article-title":"Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines","volume":"128","author":"Antal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.11.012","article-title":"A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools","volume":"127","author":"Woods","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2016.00009","article-title":"Pain related cortical oscillations: methodological advances and potential applications","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Comput Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.09.004","article-title":"Identifying and engaging neuronal oscillations by transcranial alternating current stimulation in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized, crossover, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot study","volume":"20","author":"Ahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1323520","article-title":"Effectiveness of transcranial alternating current stimulation for controlling chronic pain: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008208.pub4","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0110","first-page":"15","article-title":"Is transcranial direct current stimulation beneficial for treating pain, depression, and anxiety symptoms in patients with chronic pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-023-01168-5","article-title":"Current neurostimulation therapies for chronic pain conditions","volume":"27","author":"Shlobin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.044","article-title":"The analgesic effect of transcranial direct current stimulation in fibromyalgia: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of potential influencers of clinical effect","volume":"26","author":"Teixeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e850","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002493","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation of 3 cortical targets is no more effective than placebo as treatment for fibromyalgia: a double-blind sham-controlled clinical trial","volume":"163","author":"Samartin-Veiga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12686","article-title":"Home use, remotely supervised, and remotely controlled transcranial direct current stimulation: a systematic review of the available evidence","volume":"21","author":"Palm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00734-3","article-title":"At-home cortical stimulation for neuropathic pain: a feasibility study with initial clinical results","volume":"16","author":"Garcia-Larrea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2021.11.002","article-title":"Impact of bifrontal home-based transcranial direct current stimulation in pain catastrophizing and disability due to pain in fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind sham-controlled study","volume":"23","author":"Caumo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2023.09.001","article-title":"Efficacy of home-based transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the disability due to pain in fibromyalgia: a factorial sham-randomized clinical study","volume":"25","author":"Caumo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009177.pub2","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in people with spinal cord injury","author":"Boldt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.118","article-title":"Effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation for the management of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Mehta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa051","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines and secondary meta-analysis for the use of transcranial direct current stimulation in neurological and psychiatric disorders","volume":"24","author":"Fregni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12981","article-title":"Efficacy of noninvasive brain stimulation on pain control in migraine patients: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"56","author":"Shirahige","year":"2016","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0170","article-title":"Home-based transcranial direct current stimulation device development: an updated protocol used at home in healthy subjects and fibromyalgia patients","volume":"137","author":"Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Visualized Exp"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-3485.83221","article-title":"Intention-to-treat concept: a review","volume":"2","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Perspect Clin Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2017.8.35985","article-title":"Understanding the intention-to-treat principle in randomized controlled trials","volume":"18","author":"McCoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Western J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00628","article-title":"Putative physiological mechanisms underlying tDCS analgesic effects","volume":"7","author":"Knotkova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2020.01.003","article-title":"Is Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) effective for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Lloyd","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"7960","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05964-2","article-title":"A somato-cognitive action network alternates with effector regions in motor cortex","volume":"617","author":"Gordon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02270.x","article-title":"Modulatory effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on perception and pain thresholds in healthy volunteers","volume":"15","author":"Boggio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21380","article-title":"Modulating cortico\u2010striatal and thalamo\u2010cortical functional connectivity with transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"33","author":"Polan\u00eda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.09.009","article-title":"Clinically effective treatment of fibromyalgia pain with high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation: phase II open-label dose optimization","volume":"17","author":"Castillo-Saavedra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.08.013","article-title":"The anatomy of pain and suffering in the brain and its clinical implications","volume":"130","author":"De Ridder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.12.007","article-title":"Focal modulation of the primary motor cortex in fibromyalgia using 4\u00d7 1-ring high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS): immediate and delayed analgesic effects of cathodal and anodal stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Villamar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.06.006","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on pain, mood and serum endorphin level in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a double blinded, randomized clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Khedr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2023.01.011","article-title":"Treating fibromyalgia with electrical neuromodulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"148","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03445-7","article-title":"The effects of transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) on pain intensity of patients with fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Moshfeghinia","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.05.007","volume":"10","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0250","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation on pain intensity and functionality in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Comino-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215518777881","article-title":"The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with group exercise treatment in subjects with chronic low back pain: a pilot randomized control trial","volume":"32","author":"Straudi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.07.017","article-title":"Concurrent postural training and M1 anodal transcranial direct current stimulation improve postural impairment in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"68","author":"Jafarzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0265","first-page":"41","article-title":"Effect of dry-electrode-based transcranial direct current stimulation on chronic low back pain and low back muscle activities: a double-blind sham-controlled study","volume":"38","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1037","article-title":"Treating low back pain with combined cerebral and peripheral electrical stimulation: a randomized, double\u2010blind, factorial clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Hazime","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2017.02.019","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and its influence on analgesics effectiveness in patients suffering from migraine headache","volume":"69","author":"Przeklasa-Muszy\u0144ska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.02.012","article-title":"Effectiveness of cathodal tDCS of the primary motor or sensory cortex in migraine: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Rahimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2023.11.001","article-title":"Exploring HD-tDCS effect on \u03bc-opioid receptor and pain sensitivity in temporomandibular disorder: a pilot randomized clinical trial study","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00147","article-title":"Prefrontal tDCS decreases pain in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Ayache","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-210328","article-title":"Effectiveness of non-pharmacological rehabilitation interventions in pain management in patients with multiple sclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Hadoush","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.02.015","article-title":"Alternate sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) reduce chronic pain in women affected by chikungunya. A randomized clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"De Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.22.07439-1","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation in the management of phantom limb pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"58","author":"Navarro-Lopez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1140","article-title":"Assessment and manifestation of central sensitization across different chronic pain conditions","volume":"22","author":"Arendt\u2010Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-020-02223-w","article-title":"Is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effective for chronic low back pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"127","author":"Alwardat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153302","article-title":"Non-invasive Neurostimulation methods for acute and preventive migraine treatment\u2014a narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Evers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.800560","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation for neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/life12091364","article-title":"Using high-definition transcranial alternating current stimulation to treat patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized double-blinded controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S208030","article-title":"Targeting the autonomic nervous system balance in patients with chronic low back pain using transcranial alternating current stimulation: a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study","author":"Prim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10110888","article-title":"Low intensity, transcranial, alternating current stimulation reduces migraine attack burden in a home application set-up: a double-blinded, randomized feasibility study","volume":"10","author":"Antal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.025","article-title":"Experiments and models of cortical oscillations as a target for noninvasive brain stimulation","volume":"222","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Progress Brain Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133130","article-title":"Chronic pain: structural and functional changes in brain structures and associated negative affective states","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3316","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usac200","article-title":"Management of chronic pain and PTSD in veterans with tDCS+Prolonged Exposure: a pilot study","volume":"188","author":"Hernandez-Tejada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_142_23","article-title":"The efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) versus transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) on migraine headaches: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Naji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1056966","article-title":"Is transcranial direct current stimulation beneficial for treating pain, depression, and anxiety symptoms in patients with chronic pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.07.009","article-title":"Measurement properties of visual analogue scale, numeric rating scale, and pain severity subscale of the brief pain inventory in patients with low back pain: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Chiarotto","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3109\/15360288.2012.736933","article-title":"Chronic diseases in the European Union: the prevalence and health cost implications of chronic pain","volume":"26","author":"Leadley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2008.05.005","article-title":"Common chronic pain conditions in developed and developing countries: gender and age differences and comorbidity with depression-anxiety disorders","volume":"9","author":"Tsang","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001384","article-title":"Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP classification of chronic pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)","volume":"160","author":"Treede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2023.09.010","article-title":"The medication quantification scale 4.0: an updated index based on prescribers\u2019 perceptions of the risk associated with chronic pain medications","volume":"25","author":"De Clifford-Faug\u00e8re","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain"}],"container-title":["Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352556825001456?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352556825001456?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T20:56:23Z","timestamp":1776200183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352556825001456"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S2352556825001456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-5568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-5568","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) in chronic pain patients: Effects on daily-reported symptoms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.accpm.2025.101613","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise d'Anesth\u00e9sie et de R\u00e9animation (SFAR).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101613"}}