{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:05:37Z","timestamp":1791356737747,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jacepopen.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JACEP Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T01:06:03Z","timestamp":1742259963000},"page":"100095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Aggressive Behavior Risk Assessment Tool for Emergency Medical Services"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8709-3948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Son Chae","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathie","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corey","family":"Youells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geneva","family":"Whitmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"McComack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Dievendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catheryn","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan J.","family":"Burnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinil","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Clemency","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2021.1917736","article-title":"Clinical care and restraint of agitated or combative patients by emergency medical services practitioners","volume":"25","author":"Kupas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2015.1128029","article-title":"A national description of violence toward emergency medical services personnel","volume":"20","author":"Gormley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.auec.2020.09.001","article-title":"Self-reported incidence of verbal and physical violence against emergency medical services (EMS) personnel in Singapore","volume":"24","author":"Tay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australas Emerg Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22797","article-title":"Violence against emergency medical services personnel: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"61","author":"Maguire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2023.06.008","article-title":"EMERG-ing data: multi-city surveillance of workplace violence against EMS responders","volume":"86","author":"Taylor","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Safety Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X23000250","article-title":"A cohort study of occupational fatalities among paramedicine clinicians: 2003 through 2020","volume":"38","author":"Maguire","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib7","article-title":"Emergency medical services professional behaviors with violent encounters: a prospective study using standardized simulated scenarios","volume":"3","author":"Garner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21030363","article-title":"Paramedic willingness to report violence following the introduction of a novel, point-of-event reporting process in a single Canadian paramedic service","volume":"21","author":"Mausz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X18000870","article-title":"International survey of violence against EMS personnel: physical violence report","volume":"33","author":"Maguire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1177\/1048291119893388","article-title":"A systematic review of workplace violence against emergency medical services responders","volume":"29","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Solut"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22550","article-title":"Expecting the unexpected: a mixed methods study of violence to EMS responders in an urban fire department","volume":"59","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib12","first-page":"241","article-title":"The Joint Commission's new and revised workplace violence prevention standards for hospitals: a major step forward toward improved quality and safety","volume":"48","author":"Arnetz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6660","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116660","article-title":"Analysis of work related factors, behavior, well-being outcome, and job satisfaction of workers of emergency medical service: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Thielmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2023.101376","article-title":"What are ambulance personnel experiences of sexual harassment and sexual assault in the workplace? A rapid evidence review","volume":"71","author":"Abbott","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Emerg Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-024-00417-6","article-title":"The recovery processes among paramedics who encountered violence during work\u2014a narrative interview study","volume":"19","author":"Kamaja","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Occup Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-067246","article-title":"Workplace violence against paramedic personnel: a protocol for a scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Hokee","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.05.007","article-title":"Preventing EMS workplace violence: a mixed-methods analysis of insights from assaulted medics","volume":"49","author":"Maguire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.22.2983","article-title":"Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS)","volume":"289","author":"Ely","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12706","article-title":"The diagnostic performance of the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale for detecting delirium in older emergency department patients","volume":"22","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2005.07.006","article-title":"Serial bispectral index scores in patients undergoing observation for sedative overdose in the emergency department","volume":"24","author":"Miner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2021.01.005","article-title":"A quality improvement project on agitation management in the emergency department","volume":"47","author":"Legambi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(01)00052-8","article-title":"Validation of the behavioural activity rating scale (BARS): a novel measure of activity in agitated patients","volume":"36","author":"Swift","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1501998","article-title":"Workplace violence against health care workers in the United States","volume":"374","author":"Phillips","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.4402","article-title":"Trends in US emergency department visits for mental health, overdose, and violence outcomes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"78","author":"Holland","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2020.02.001","article-title":"Emergency department evaluation of the adult psychiatric patient","volume":"38","author":"Nentwich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib29","article-title":"Multisite study of Aggressive Behavior Risk Assessment Tool in emergency departments","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib30","article-title":"A workplace violence prevention program targeting high-risk patients in emergency departments","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1097\/NNA.0000000000001361","article-title":"Violent Event Severity Tool for reporting violent incidents","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nurs Adm"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib33","first-page":"221","article-title":"Clinical tests: sensitivity and specificity","volume":"8","author":"Lalkhen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.auec.2017.11.001","article-title":"Predicting aggressive patient behaviour in a hospital emergency department: an empirical study of security officers using the Broset Violence Checklist","volume":"21","author":"Partridge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Australas Emerg Care"}],"container-title":["JACEP Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2688115225000530?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2688115225000530?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T23:26:08Z","timestamp":1762644368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2688115225000530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2688115225000530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095","relation":{},"ISSN":["2688-1152"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2688-1152","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Aggressive Behavior Risk Assessment Tool for Emergency Medical Services","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JACEP Open","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100095","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American College of Emergency Physicians.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100095"}}