{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:36:31Z","timestamp":1788536191027,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","academicradiology.org","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Academic Radiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T07:20:36Z","timestamp":1699600836000},"page":"1615-1628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Development and Validation of Contrast-Enhanced CT-Based Deep Transfer Learning and Combined Clinical-Radiomics Model to Discriminate Thymomas and Thymic Cysts: A\u00a0Multicenter Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8880-0525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhua","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengni","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"QiWen","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjing","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejro.2014.12.003","article-title":"Anterior mediastinal masses in the framingham heart study: prevalence and CT image characteristics","volume":"2","author":"Araki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2016.01.012","article-title":"Thymoma and thymic carcinomas","volume":"99","author":"Scorsetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.13081","article-title":"Age- and gender-specific disease distribution and the diagnostic accuracy of CT for resected anterior mediastinal lesions","volume":"10","author":"Nam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2019.12.108","article-title":"Distribution of mediastinal lesions across multi-institutional, international, radiology databases","volume":"15","author":"Roden","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5761\/atcs.cr.11.01825","article-title":"A thymic cyst in the middle mediastinum: report of a case","volume":"19","author":"Mizutani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2019.03.010","article-title":"Utilization of minimally invasive thymectomy and margin-negative resection for early-stage thymoma","volume":"108","author":"Burt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2018.12.007","article-title":"Surgical decision making: thymoma and myasthenia gravis","volume":"29","author":"Comacchio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorac Surg Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib8","first-page":"37","article-title":"Clinicopathological analysis of mediastinal masses: a mixed bag of non-neoplastic and neoplastic etiologies","volume":"33","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk Patoloji Derg"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000390","article-title":"Impact of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration and multidisciplinary approach in the management of abdominal or mediastinal mass","volume":"27","author":"Del Vecchio Blanco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3433","article-title":"Role of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of mass lesions","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2016.07.83","article-title":"Preoperative misdiagnosis analysis and accurate distinguish intrathymic cyst from small thymoma on computed tomography","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2020.02.14","article-title":"Differentiating thymoma from thymic cyst in anterior mediastinal abnormalities smaller than 3 cm","volume":"12","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2014.11.042","article-title":"High rate of unnecessary thymectomy and its cause. Can computed tomography distinguish thymoma, lymphoma, thymic hyperplasia, and thymic cysts?","volume":"84","author":"Ackman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.03.002","article-title":"Intrathymic cyst: clinical and radiological features in surgically resected cases","volume":"69","author":"Araki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5203","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.10.148","article-title":"Clinical features, diagnosis and thoracoscopic surgical treatment of thymic cysts","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.216.3.r00se14792","article-title":"Renal cysts: is attenuation artifactually increased on contrast-enhanced CT images?","volume":"216","author":"Kyongtae","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2019.06.019","article-title":"MRI-based radiomic signature as predictive marker for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"117","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2011.11.036","article-title":"Radiomics: extracting more information from medical images using advanced feature analysis","volume":"48","author":"Lambin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Radiomics: images are more than pictures, they are data","volume":"000","author":"Robert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.744021","article-title":"CT-based radiomics nomogram for differentiation of anterior mediastinal thymic cyst from thymic epithelial tumor","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-020-00833-9","article-title":"Can computed tomography-based radiomics potentially discriminate between anterior mediastinal cysts and type B1 and B2 thymomas?","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018172361","article-title":"Radiomics of CT features may be nonreproducible and redundant: influence of CT acquisition parameters","volume":"288","author":"Berenguer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0316-z","article-title":"A guide to deep learning in healthcare","volume":"25","author":"Esteva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01287-9","article-title":"Triage-driven diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus for early detection of esophageal adenocarcinoma using deep learning","volume":"27","author":"Gehrung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06628-4","article-title":"CT-based deep learning model to differentiate invasive pulmonary adenocarcinomas appearing as subsolid nodules among surgical candidates: comparison of the diagnostic performance with a size-based logistic model and radiologists","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-09055-0","article-title":"ITHscore: comprehensive quantification of intra-tumor heterogeneity in NSCLC by multi-scale radiomic features","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/ryai.2020190168","article-title":"Tumor habitat-derived radiomic features at pretreatment MRI that are prognostic for progression-free survival in glioblastoma are associated with key morphologic attributes at histopathologic examination: a feasibility study","volume":"2","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol Artif Intell"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26813","article-title":"Radiomics nomogram based on MRI for predicting white matter hyperintensity progression in elderly adults","volume":"51","author":"Shu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib29","first-page":"2186","article-title":"Thymoma: current diagnosis and treatment","volume":"126","author":"Zeeshan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin\u00a0Med\u00a0J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2017.04.007","article-title":"CT-based radiomics signature for differentiating Borrmann type IV gastric cancer from primary gastric lymphoma","volume":"91","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-6003-8","article-title":"Influence of segmentation margin on machine learning-based high-dimensional quantitative CT texture analysis: a reproducibility study on renal clear cell carcinomas","volume":"29","author":"Kocak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"0975 \u2013 8887","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib32","article-title":"EBK-means: a clustering technique based on elbow method and K-means in WSN","volume":"105","author":"Bholowalia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int\u00a0J\u00a0Comput\u00a0Appl"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5374","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.34149","article-title":"A radiomics approach based on support vector machine using MR images for preoperative lymph node status evaluation in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Early-stage non\u2013small cell lung cancer: quantitative imaging characteristics of 18F fluorodeoxyglucose PET\/CT allow prediction of distant metastasis","volume":"281","author":"Jia Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"10372","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02079-7","article-title":"Machine learning-based marker for coronary artery disease: derivation and validation in two longitudinal cohorts","volume":"401","author":"Forrest","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2015.05.025","article-title":"Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and dimensionality reduction techniques in quantitative structure retention relationship modeling of retention in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography","volume":"1403","author":"Daghir-Wojtkowiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.006","article-title":"Survival prediction in high-grade osteosarcoma using radiomics of diagnostic computed tomography","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/2531595","article-title":"Comparing the Areas Under Two or More Correlated Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves: A Nonparametric Approach","volume":"44","author":"Quintiles","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biometric"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.11.018","article-title":"A discussion of calibration techniques for evaluating binary and categorical predictive models","volume":"149","author":"Fenlon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.08.038","article-title":"Reporting and interpreting decision curve analysis: a guide for investigators","volume":"74","author":"Van Calster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib41","first-page":"618","article-title":"Grad-CAM: visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localization","author":"Selvaraju","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.03.034","article-title":"Multiparametric evaluation of radiomics features and dual-energy CT iodine maps for discrimination and outcome prediction of thymic masses","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib43","first-page":"145","article-title":"High-resolution scanning coherent X-ray diffraction microscopy","author":"Thibault","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185115590288","article-title":"Associations between computed tomography features of thymomas and their pathological classification","volume":"57","author":"Ozawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3182904bc2","article-title":"Distinguishing benign thymic lesions from early-stage thymic malignancies on computed tomography","volume":"8","author":"Mcerlean","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3208","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.30240","article-title":"Comparison between CT and MRI in the diagnostic accuracy of thymic masses","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2022.2093862","article-title":"Characterization of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells in thymoma","volume":"55","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"}],"container-title":["Academic Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1076633223005536?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1076633223005536?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T01:03:01Z","timestamp":1729126981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1076633223005536"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1076633223005536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-6332"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-6332","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Development and Validation of Contrast-Enhanced CT-Based Deep Transfer Learning and Combined Clinical-Radiomics Model to Discriminate Thymomas and Thymic Cysts: A\u00a0Multicenter Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Academic Radiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acra.2023.10.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Association of University Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}