{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T06:36:17Z","timestamp":1768458977111,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["academicradiology.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Academic Radiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T18:01:53Z","timestamp":1741456913000},"page":"4146-4153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Alterations in the Glymphatic System and Presence of Small Vessel Disease in Hospitalized and Non-hospitalized COVID Patients: A Study of PSMD Index and DTI-ALPS"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Bar\u0131\u015f","family":"Gen\u00e7","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Seyfi","family":"Buruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"\u00d6z\u00e7a\u011flayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aslan","family":"Kerim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14913","article-title":"Encephalitis as a neurological complication of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, outcomes, and predictors","volume":"28","author":"Siow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib2","first-page":"1905","article-title":"COVID-19-associated cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum","volume":"41","author":"Gaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am\u00a0J\u00a0Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib3","article-title":"The association of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with COVID-19: a systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Iftikhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann\u00a0Med\u00a0Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09951-9","article-title":"COVID-19-associated acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)","volume":"267","author":"Parsons","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E223","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020202040","article-title":"COVID-19\u2013associated diffuse leukoencephalopathy and microhemorrhages","volume":"297","author":"Radmanesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib6","article-title":"Malignant cerebral ischemia in a COVID-19 infected patient: case review and histopathological findings","volume":"29","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Stroke Cerebrovasc\u00a0Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib7","first-page":"25","article-title":"Intracranial hemorrhage in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients","volume":"42","author":"Cheruiyot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol\u00a0Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104299","article-title":"Dementia and outcomes from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Hariyanto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"7907","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04569-5","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank","volume":"604","author":"Douaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1726","article-title":"Long-COVID syndrome-associated brain fog and chemofog: Luteolin to the rescue","volume":"47","author":"Theoharides","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib11","first-page":"650","article-title":"Small vessel disease, a marker of brain health: what the radiologist needs to know","volume":"43","author":"Mahammedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am\u00a0J\u00a0Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101962","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease pathology in COVID-19 patients: a\u00a0systematic review","volume":"88","author":"Owens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864221111995","article-title":"Mid-term MRI evaluation reveals microstructural white matter alterations in COVID-19 fully recovered subjects with anosmia presentation","volume":"15","author":"Pelizzari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440294","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1440294","article-title":"White matter integrity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients is not associated with short- and long-term clinical outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Van Lith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12677","article-title":"Intracerebral endotheliitis and microbleeds are neuropathological features of COVID-19","volume":"47","author":"Kirschenbaum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116980","article-title":"Multiple internal border zone infarcts in a patient with COVID-19 and CADASIL","volume":"416","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101962","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease pathology in COVID-19 patients: a\u00a0systematic review","volume":"88","author":"Owens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.212780","article-title":"Peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity: a neuroimaging marker for white matter injury","volume":"306","author":"Zanon Zotin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24758","article-title":"A novel imaging marker for small vessel disease based on skeletonization of white matter tracts and diffusion histograms","volume":"80","author":"Baykara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440294","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1440294","article-title":"White matter integrity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients is not associated with short-\u00a0and long-term clinical outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Van Lith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib21","article-title":"Brain imaging and neuropsychological assessment of individuals recovered from a mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"120","author":"Petersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc\u00a0Natl Acad\u00a0Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1581-6","article-title":"The glymphatic system: a beginner\u2019s guide","volume":"40","author":"Jessen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib23","article-title":"Diffusion tensor image analysis ALong the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS): revisiting the meaning and significance of the method","volume":"2023","author":"Taoka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magn\u00a0Reson\u00a0Med\u00a0Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108647","article-title":"Glymphatic system dysfunction in recovered patients with mild COVID-19: A DTI-ALPS study","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.0528","article-title":"STROBE reporting guidelines for observational studies","volume":"156","author":"Ghaferi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19049","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69772-y","article-title":"Patients recovering from COVID-19 who presented with anosmia during their acute episode have behavioral, functional, and structural brain alterations","volume":"14","author":"Kausel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116137","article-title":"MRtrix3: A fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation","volume":"202","author":"Tournier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(99)00026-0","article-title":"Correction of eddy current-induced artefacts in diffusion tensor imaging using iterative cross-correlation","volume":"17","author":"Bastin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib29","first-page":"1885","article-title":"Cross-vendor test-retest validation of diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) for evaluating glymphatic system function","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12755","article-title":"COVID-19 is associated with an unusual pattern of brain microbleeds in critically ill patients","volume":"30","author":"Fitsiori","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E223","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020202040","article-title":"COVID-19\u2013associated diffuse leukoencephalopathy and microhemorrhages","volume":"297","author":"Radmanesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.117308","article-title":"Susceptibility-weighted imaging reveals cerebral microvascular injury in severe COVID-19","volume":"421","author":"Conklin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3719","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031224","article-title":"Large and small cerebral vessel involvement in severe COVID-19: Detailed clinical workup of a case series","volume":"51","author":"Keller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2020.0366","article-title":"Acute stroke showing cerebral infarcts and microbleeds in a 31-year-old man with COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"81","author":"Planinc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Hosp Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.5114\/fn.2021.108829","article-title":"Neuropathological analysis of the brains of fifty-two patients with COVID-19","volume":"59","author":"Wierzba-Bobrowicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51496","article-title":"Long COVID-19: objectifying most self-reported neurological symptoms","volume":"9","author":"Bungenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab914","article-title":"Multi-organ assessment in mainly non-hospitalized individuals after SARS-CoV-2 infection: the Hamburg City Health Study COVID programme","volume":"43","author":"Petersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib38","article-title":"Brain imaging and neuropsychological assessment of individuals recovered from a mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"120","author":"Petersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc\u00a0Natl Acad\u00a0Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110469","article-title":"COVID-19 and chronic fatigue syndrome: is the worst yet to come?","volume":"146","author":"Wostyn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib40","article-title":"Impaired cerebrospinal fluid 18F-FEPPA clearance in long COVID suggests altered glymphatic system function","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc Nuclear Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-022-01370-2","article-title":"Improved reproducibility of diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index: an analysis of reorientation technique of the OASIS-3 dataset","volume":"41","author":"Tatekawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jpn J Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-023-03270-2","article-title":"Glymphatic imaging: a critical look at the DTI-ALPS index","volume":"66","author":"Ringstad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.11.011","article-title":"Peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity (PSMD) as marker of widespread white matter tissue damage in multiple sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Vinciguerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10752-x","article-title":"Association of CNS demyelination and COVID-19 infection: an updated systematic review","volume":"269","author":"Ismail","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol"}],"container-title":["Academic Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1076633225001242?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1076633225001242?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T08:42:15Z","timestamp":1763541735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1076633225001242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1076633225001242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-6332"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-6332","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Alterations in the Glymphatic System and Presence of Small Vessel Disease in Hospitalized and Non-hospitalized COVID Patients: A Study of PSMD Index and DTI-ALPS","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Academic Radiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acra.2025.02.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Association of Academic Radiology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}