{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T13:08:50Z","timestamp":1778591330734,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 113\\u20132314-B-002\\u2013161-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113\\u20132314-B-002\\u2013161-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["academicradiology.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Academic Radiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T15:30:19Z","timestamp":1748359819000},"page":"4974-4981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluating Large Language Models for Enhancing Radiology Specialty Examination: A Comparative Study with Human Performance"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Hao-Yun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyh-Jye","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weichung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung-Hsi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsian-He","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu-Huei","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-Jen","family":"Chiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Jeng","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2021.09.017","article-title":"The American Board of Radiology's Alternate Pathway for diagnostic radiology: what the programs and the applicants need to know","volume":"29","author":"Huda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A8147","article-title":"Young professionals in neuroradiology: opportunities, challenges, and future directions","volume":"45","author":"Trofimova","year":"2024","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V40N3p126","article-title":"American diagnostic radiology residency and fellowship programmes","volume":"40","author":"Rumack","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2017.12.033","article-title":"Residency mini-fellowships in the PGY-5 year: is there added value?","volume":"25","author":"Shenoy-Bhangle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2021.03.007","article-title":"The evolving status of fellowships and mini-fellowships in diagnostic radiology: a survey of program directors and chief residents","volume":"28","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib6","first-page":"48","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities facing medical education","volume":"122","author":"Densen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00370-1","article-title":"The future landscape of large language models in medicine","volume":"3","author":"Clusmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/46885","article-title":"The role of ChatGPT, generative language models, and artificial intelligence in medical education: a conversation with ChatGPT and a call for papers","volume":"9","author":"Eysenbach","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/ryai.230103","article-title":"Performance of ChatGPT on the Brazilian radiology and diagnostic imaging and mammography board examinations","volume":"6","author":"Almeida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiol Artif Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/52202","article-title":"Performance comparison of ChatGPT-4 and Japanese medical residents in the general medicine in-training examination: comparison study","volume":"9","author":"Watari","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43436-9","article-title":"Comparing ChatGPT and GPT-4 performance in USMLE soft skill assessments","volume":"13","author":"Brin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib12","unstructured":"Aky\u00fcrek E., Schuurmans D., Andreas J., et al. What learning algorithm is in-context learning? Investigations with linear models. arXiv 2211.15661 [preprint] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2211.15661. Published November 28, 2022. Accessed March 11, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib13","unstructured":"Dai D., Sun Y., Dong L., et al. Why Can GPT Learn In-Context? Language Models Implicitly Perform Gradient Descent as Meta-Optimizers. arXiv 2212.10559 [preprint] \u3008https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2212.10559\u3009. Published December 20, 2022. Accessed March 11, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib14","unstructured":"Nori H., King N., McKinney S.M., et al. Capabilities of GPT-4 on medical challenge problems. arXiv 2303.13375 [preprint] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2303.13375. Published March 20, 2023. Accessed March 11, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib15","unstructured":"Bommarito J., Bommarito M.J., Katz J., et al. Gpt as knowledge worker: a zero-shot evaluation of (AI)CPA capabilities. arXiv 2301.04408 [preprint] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2301.04408. Published January 11, 2023. Accessed March 11, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/45312","article-title":"How does ChatGPT perform on the United States Medical Licensing Examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment","volume":"9","author":"Gilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05239-y","article-title":"Large language models for generating medical examinations: systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Artsi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib18","unstructured":"Ziqi Yang, Xuhai Xu, Bingsheng Yao, et al. Talk2Care: Facilitating Asynchronous Patient-Provider Communication with Large-Language-Model. arXiv 2309.09357 [preprint] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2309.09357. Published September 17, 2023. Accessed March 15, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib19","unstructured":"Songhua Yang, Hanjie Zhao, Senbin Zhu, et al. Zhongjing: Enhancing the Chinese Medical Capabilities of Large Language Model through Expert Feedback and Real-world Multi-turn Dialogue. arXiv 2308.03549 [preprint] \u3008https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2308.03549\u3009. Published August 7, 2023. Accessed March 15, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib20","unstructured":"Zhihao Fan, Jialong Tang, Wei Chen, et al. AI Hospital: Benchmarking Large Language Models in a Multi-agent Medical Interaction Simulator. arXiv 2402.09742 [preprint] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.09742. Published February 15, 2024. Accessed March 15, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib21","unstructured":"Xiaoming Shi, Zeming Liu, Li Du, et al. Medical Dialogue: A Survey of Categories, Methods, Evaluation and Challenges. arXiv 2405.10630 [preprint] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.10630. Published May 17, 2024. Accessed March 15, 2025."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V35N2p67","article-title":"Relationship between item difficulty and discrimination indices in true\/false-type multiple choice questions of a para-clinical multidisciplinary paper","volume":"35","author":"Sim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/bmsp.12189","article-title":"Point-biserial correlation: interval estimation, hypothesis testing, meta-analysis, and sample size determination","volume":"73","author":"Bonett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Math Stat Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1177\/02841851211050857","article-title":"The history of magnetic resonance imaging and its reflections in Acta Radiologica","volume":"62","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"1152","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20230407","article-title":"Cardiac imaging with photon counting CT","volume":"96","author":"Flohr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-09596-y","article-title":"Clinical applications of photon counting detector CT","volume":"33","author":"McCollough","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.110829","article-title":"Photon-counting CT: review of initial clinical results","volume":"163","author":"van der Bie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"}],"container-title":["Academic Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1076633225004519?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1076633225004519?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T12:14:41Z","timestamp":1778588081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1076633225004519"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1076633225004519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-6332"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-6332","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evaluating Large Language Models for Enhancing Radiology Specialty Examination: A Comparative Study with Human Performance","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Academic Radiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acra.2025.05.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Association of Academic Radiology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}