{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T07:46:09Z","timestamp":1793691969780,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]],"date-time":"2015-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]],"date-time":"2015-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01DG13006A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01DG13006A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Tropica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]],"date-time":"2015-02-12T14:14:05Z","timestamp":1423750445000},"page":"17-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Age-dependent decline and association with stunting of Giardia duodenalis infection among schoolchildren in rural Huye district, Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Jakob","family":"Heimer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Staudacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvette","family":"Kayonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9768-356X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Marie","family":"Havugimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Musemakweri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gundel","family":"Harms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Bosco","family":"Gahutu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank P.","family":"Mockenhaupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2516","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002516","article-title":"Burden of Giardia duodenalis infection and its adverse effects on growth of schoolchildren in rural Malaysia","volume":"7","author":"Al-Mekhlafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.02.006","article-title":"Giardiasis as a predictor of childhood malnutrition in Orang Asli children in Malaysia","volume":"99","author":"Al-Mekhlafi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1780","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001780","article-title":"Common coinfections of Giardia intestinalis and Helicobacter pylori in non-symptomatic Ugandan children","volume":"6","author":"Ankarklev","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0499","article-title":"A pentaplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of four species of soil-transmitted helminths","volume":"84","author":"Basuni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07744-9","article-title":"Effects of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infection during infancy on cognition in late childhood: a follow-up study","volume":"359","author":"Berkman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652007000300003","article-title":"Giardia lamblia and other intestinal parasitic infections and their relationships with nutritional status in children in Brazilian Amazon","volume":"49","author":"Carvalho-Costa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v27i1.3321","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among school children in the Palajunoj Valley of Guatemala","volume":"27","author":"Cook","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.05.002","article-title":"Host parasite interactions and pathophysiology in Giardia infections","volume":"41","author":"Cotton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12284","article-title":"Reduced prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in iron-deficient Rwandan children","volume":"19","author":"Danquah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/18.1.248","article-title":"The risk of infection from Giardia lamblia due to drinking water supply, use of water, and latrines among preschool children in rural Lesotho","volume":"18","author":"Esrey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1086\/313722","article-title":"Giardia lamblia carriage in Israeli Bedouin infants: risk factors and consequences","volume":"30","author":"Fraser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0060","first-page":"20205","article-title":"Infectious diseases among travellers and migrants in Europe, EuroTravNet 2010","volume":"vol. 17","author":"Gautret","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91131-2","article-title":"Rapid reinfection by Giardia lamblia after treatment in a hyperendemic Third World community","volume":"331","author":"Gilman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1677","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001677","article-title":"High prevalence of Giardia duodenalis Assemblage B infection and association with underweight in Rwandan children","volume":"6","author":"Ignatius","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e683","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000683","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of cross-species Giardia duodenalis transmission in western Uganda","volume":"4","author":"Johnston","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1998.00175.x","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasites in rural Southern Indians","volume":"3","author":"Kang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.03.002","article-title":"Giardia duodenalis assemblage, clinical presentation and markers of intestinal inflammation in Brazilian children","volume":"102","author":"Kohli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1986.11748415","article-title":"Giardiasis and the nutritional status of Zimbabwean schoolchildren","volume":"6","author":"Loewenson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Paediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.37.277","article-title":"Epidemiology of Giardia lamblia infection in children: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in urban and rural communities in Zimbabwe","volume":"37","author":"Mason","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S271","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis762","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between Giardia lamblia and endemic pediatric diarrhea in developing countries","volume":"55","author":"Muhsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X267876","article-title":"Giardiasis and other intestinal parasitic infections in relation to anthropometric indicators of malnutrition: a large, population-based survey of schoolchildren in Tehran","volume":"102","author":"Nematian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00197-X","article-title":"Clinical virology in real time","volume":"25","author":"Niesters","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/6.3.231","article-title":"Age and sex distribution of infections with Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis in the Lagos population","volume":"6","author":"Oyerinde","year":"1977","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005007353","article-title":"Asymptomatic giardiasis and growth in young children; a longitudinal study in Salvador, Brazil","volume":"131","author":"Prado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0125","series-title":"Infektionsepidemiologisches Jahrbuch f\u00fcr 2012","author":"Robert Koch-Institut","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809002295","article-title":"Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in sheep and goats: a review of the potential for transmission to humans via environmental contamination","volume":"137","author":"Robertson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65722","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065722","article-title":"Effects of hygiene and defecation behavior on helminths and intestinal protozoa infections in Taabo, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"8","author":"Schmidlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.06.014","article-title":"Giardia duodenalis: the double-edged sword of immune responses in giardiasis","volume":"126","author":"Solaymani-Mohammadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12321","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminths in southern highland Rwanda: associated factors and effectiveness of school-based preventive chemotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Staudacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02143.x","article-title":"Haemoglobin adjustments to define anaemia","volume":"13","author":"Sullivan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114919","article-title":"Illness and reservoirs associated with Giardia lamblia infection in rural Egypt: the case against treatment in developing world environments of high endemicity","volume":"127","author":"Sullivan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(97)00037-5","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasites in the human population of Le\u00f3n, Nicaragua","volume":"66","author":"T\u00e9llez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1158","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001158","article-title":"Protection against diarrhea associated with Giardia intestinalis is lost with multi-nutrient supplementation: a study in Tanzanian children","volume":"5","author":"Veenemans","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1220-1223.2004","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum in fecal samples by using multiplex real-time PCR","volume":"42","author":"Verweij","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0175","series-title":"Bench aids for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1826","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001826","article-title":"Genetic characterizations of Giardia duodenalis in sheep and goats in Heilongjiang Province, China and possibility of zoonotic transmission","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."}],"container-title":["Acta Tropica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001706X15000200?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001706X15000200?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T09:18:46Z","timestamp":1762075126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001706X15000200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0001706X15000200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-706X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-706X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Age-dependent decline and association with stunting of Giardia duodenalis infection among schoolchildren in rural Huye district, Rwanda","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Acta Tropica","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.01.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}