{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T03:26:22Z","timestamp":1769052382634,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Tropica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,26]],"date-time":"2016-06-26T04:09:09Z","timestamp":1466914149000},"page":"196-205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Combination therapy in the management of giardiasis: What laboratory and clinical studies tell us, so far"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Angel A.","family":"Escobedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Lalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nana I.","family":"Hrastnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfonso J.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Castro-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Cimerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Almirall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jony","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0005","first-page":"691","article-title":"Effect of propolis versus metronidazole and their combined use in treatment of acute experimental giardiasis","volume":"37","author":"Abdel-Fattah","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S99651","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, and potential application of chitosan derivatives, and chitosan metal nanoparticles in pharmaceutical drug delivery","volume":"10","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/med.2610030204","volume":"3","author":"Andrews","year":"1983","journal-title":"Praziquantel. Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90239-9","article-title":"Sensitivity of Trichomonas vaginalis, Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia intestinalis to bacitracin and its zinc salt in vitro","volume":"88","author":"Andrews","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.318","article-title":"Chemotherapy for giardiasis: randomized clinical trial of bacitracin, bacitracin zinc, and a combination of bacitracin zinc with neomycin","volume":"52","author":"Andrews","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.05.015","article-title":"In vitro resistance to 5-nitroimidazoles and benzimidazoles in Giardia duodenalis: variability and variation in gene expression","volume":"9","author":"Arg\u00fcello-Garc\u00eda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.02.005","article-title":"Giardiasis in dogs and cats: update on epidemiology and public health significance","volume":"26","author":"Ballweber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1998.59.09.1134","article-title":"Efficacy of a drug combination of praziquantel, pyrantel pamoate, and febantel against giardiasis in dogs","volume":"59","author":"Barr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07744-9","article-title":"Effects of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infection during infancy on cognition in late childhood: a follow-up study","volume":"359","author":"Berkman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90151-9","article-title":"Heterogeneity of the responses of clones of Giardia intestinalis to anti-giardial drugs","volume":"81","author":"Boreham","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.12.011","article-title":"The prevalence of Giardia infection in dogs and cats: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies from stool samples","volume":"207","author":"Bouzid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90840-U","article-title":"Pathophysiology of small intestinal malabsorption in gerbils infected with Giardia lamblia","volume":"103","author":"Buret","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0065","first-page":"761","article-title":"[Synergic effect of albendazole plus metronidazole association in the treatment of metronidazole-resistant giardiasis]","volume":"146","author":"Cacopardo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.2000.4578","article-title":"Electron and video-light microscopy analysis of the in vitro effects of pyrantel pamoate on Giardia lamblia","volume":"97","author":"Campanati","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200x.2005.02110.x","article-title":"Effects of giardiasis on school success, weight and height indices of primary school children in Turkey","volume":"47","author":"Celiks\u00f6z","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-1462-z","article-title":"Evaluation of silymarin in the treatment on asymptomatic Giardia infections in dogs","volume":"97","author":"Chon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.05.002","article-title":"Host parasite interactions and pathophysiology in Giardia infections","volume":"41","author":"Cotton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90273-H","article-title":"Sensitivity in vitro of Giardia intestinalis to dyadic combinations of azithromycin, doxycycline, mefloquine, tinidazole and furazolidone","volume":"84","author":"Crouch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0095","first-page":"72","article-title":"Serum iron, zinc and copper levels and lipid peroxidation in children with chronic giardiasis","volume":"21","author":"Demirci","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Health. Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.32.369.324","article-title":"Principles and problems of combined antibiotic therapy","volume":"32","author":"Elek","year":"1956","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.8.12.1885","article-title":"Giardiasis: a pharmacotherapy review","volume":"8","author":"Escobedo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2174\/187152610793180821","article-title":"Giardiasis: the ever present threat of a neglected disease","volume":"10","author":"Escobedo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"076","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.5785","article-title":"A bibliometric study of international scientific productivity in giardiasis covering the period 1971\u20132010","volume":"9","author":"Escobedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90303-8","article-title":"Effect of praziquantel on protozoan parasites","volume":"345","author":"Flisser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.1.114-128.2001","article-title":"Treatment of giardiasis","volume":"14","author":"Gardner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.150.6.184","article-title":"Efficacy of pyrantel embonate, febantel and praziquantel against Giardia species in naturally infected adult dogs","volume":"150","author":"Giangaspero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/8.4.305","article-title":"Inhibition of clonal growth of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica by metronidazole, quinacrine, and other antimicrobial agents","volume":"8","author":"Gillin","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.705","article-title":"Wheat germ supplement reduces cyst and trophozoite passage in people with giardiasis","volume":"65","author":"Grant","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71597","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071597","article-title":"High sensitivity of Giardia duodenalis to tetrahydrolipstatin (orlistat) in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Hahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2010.10.003","article-title":"Synergic effect of metronidazole and pyrantel pamoate on Giardia lamblia","volume":"60","author":"Hausen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.22391","article-title":"Ensuring global access to quality medicines: role of the US pharmacopeia","volume":"100","author":"Heyman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01159-06","article-title":"Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites: and Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"51","author":"Hoffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1994.11812903","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic interaction between praziquantel and albendazole in Sudanese men","volume":"88","author":"Homeida","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.08.003","article-title":"In vitro activity of two phenyl-carbamate derivatives, singly and in combination with albendazole against albendazole-resistant Giardia intestinalis","volume":"92","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Cardoso","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0175","first-page":"358","article-title":"Selective immunoglobulin M deficiency in a patient with refractory giardiasis","volume":"20","author":"Kampitak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(94)00677-K","article-title":"Comparisons of ribosomal RNA sequences from amitochondrial protozoa: implications for processing, mRNA binding and paromomycin susceptibility","volume":"152","author":"Katiyar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.06.021","article-title":"Pyrantel in small animal medicine: 30 years on","volume":"178","author":"Kopp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2174\/187152610791591610","article-title":"Giardiasis in the post genomic era: treatment, drug resistance and novel therapeutic perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Lalle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr192","article-title":"Pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase and thioredoxin reductase are involved in 5-nitroimidazole activation while flavin metabolism is linked to 5-nitroimidazole resistance in Giardia lamblia","volume":"66","author":"Leitsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2012.04.002","article-title":"Nitroimidazole drugs vary in their mode of action in the human parasite Giardia lamblia","volume":"2","author":"Leitsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-015-0051-1","article-title":"Drug resistance in the microaerophilic parasite Giardia lamblia","volume":"2","author":"Leitsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Trop. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12210","article-title":"Host defences against Giardia lamblia","volume":"37","author":"Lopez-Romero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0742","article-title":"Short course combination therapy for giardiasis after nitroimidazole failure","volume":"83","author":"Lopez-Velez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2004.08.001","article-title":"Characterisation of benzimidazole binding with recombinant tubulin fro Giardia duodenalis, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, and Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"138","author":"MacDonald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0225","first-page":"1329","article-title":"Evaluation of the zoonotic potential of Giardia duodenalis in fecal samples from dogs and cats in Ontario","volume":"52","author":"McDowall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026615666150414142209","article-title":"Applications and toxicity of silver nanoparticles: a recent review","volume":"15","author":"Marin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000277","article-title":"Intraepithelial Giardia intestinalis: a case report and literature review","volume":"93","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Gordillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20800","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151120800","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of chitosan derivatives containing N-quaternized moieties in its backbone: a review","volume":"15","author":"Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.37.277","article-title":"Epidemiology of Giardia lamblia infection in children: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in urban and rural communities in Zimbabwe","volume":"37","author":"Mason","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1990.tb00773.x","article-title":"The benzimidazole anthelmintics, a review","volume":"13","author":"Mc Kellar","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.6.2151-2157.1996","article-title":"Inhibition of Giardia lamblia excystation by antibodies against cyst walls and by wheat germ agglutinin","volume":"64","author":"Meng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0258-0","article-title":"Survey of intestinal parasites in stray dogs in the Madrid area and comparison of the efficacy of three anthelmintics in naturally infected dogs","volume":"100","author":"Mir\u00f3","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0265","first-page":"186864","article-title":"A review on antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity of curcumin","volume":"2014","author":"Moghadamtousi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1107-0","article-title":"Efficacy of Drontal\u00ae flavour Plus (50mg praziquantel 144mg pyrantel embonate, 150\u2009mg febantel per tablet) against Giardia sp. in naturally infected dogs","volume":"103","author":"Montoya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2008.01.013","article-title":"Treatment-ladder and genetic characterisation of parasites in refractory giardiasis after an outbreak in Norway","volume":"56","author":"M\u00f8rch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.2.328","article-title":"Activities of several benzimidazoles and tubulin inhibitors against Giardia spp. in vitro","volume":"37","author":"Morgan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12336","article-title":"Refractory giardiasis in renal transplantation: a case report","volume":"20","author":"Mukku","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrology (Carlton)"},{"issue":"Pt (12)","key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0290","first-page":"4150","article-title":"Characterization of Giardia lamblia WB C6 clones resistant to nitazoxanide and to metronidazole","volume":"153","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn142","article-title":"Identification of differentially expressed genes in a Giardia lamblia WB C6 clone resistant to nitazoxanide and metronidazole","volume":"62","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2015.03.001","article-title":"Comparative characterisation of two nitroreductases from Giardia lamblia as potential activators of nitro compounds","volume":"5","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.162-170.2006","article-title":"In vitro effects of thiazolides on Giardia lamblia WB clone C6 cultured axenically and in coculture with Caco2 cells","volume":"50","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agents Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt106","article-title":"Metabolism of nitro drugs metronidazole and nitazoxanide in Giardia lamblia: characterization of a novel nitroreductase (GlNR2)","volume":"68","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI69956","article-title":"Unraveling how Giardia infections cause disease","volume":"123","author":"Nash","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1086\/320886","article-title":"Treatment of patients with refractory giardiasis","volume":"33","author":"Nash","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0325","first-page":"17","article-title":"Eficacia de varios esquemas de tratamiento para la infecci\u00f3n por Giardia lamblia en ni\u00f1os","volume":"6","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Panamericana Infectol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2002.10719202","article-title":"Vitamin B12 and folic acid in children with intestinal parasitic infection","volume":"21","author":"Olivares","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1504-z","article-title":"Synergistic effect of febantel and pyrantel embonate in elimination of Giardia in a gerbil model","volume":"105","author":"Olson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0340","first-page":"2283","article-title":"Growth inhibition of the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia by a dietary lectin in associated with arrest of the cell cycle","volume":"94","author":"Ortega-Barria","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0345","first-page":"145","article-title":"Respiration in the cyst and trophozoite forms of Giardia muris","volume":"135","author":"Paget","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.330","article-title":"Efficacy of a combination febantel\u2013praziquantel\u2013pyrantel product, with or without vaccination with a commercial Giardia vaccine, for treatment of dogs with naturally occurring giardiasis","volume":"220","author":"Payne","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0355","first-page":"711","article-title":"Single-dose therapy for giardiasis in school-age children","volume":"33","author":"Pengsaa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225003398","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic investigation of albendazole and praziquantel in Thai children infected with Giardia intestinalis","volume":"98","author":"Pengsaa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-015-0296-0","article-title":"The relationship between irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, chronic fatigue and overactive bladder syndrome: a controlled study 6 years after acute gastrointestinal infection","volume":"15","author":"Persson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199010000-00028","article-title":"Propranolol and metronidazole for the treatment of metronidazole-resistant giardiasis","volume":"12","author":"Popovi\u0107","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0375","first-page":"324","article-title":"Human intestinal parasites in Karakuak, West Flores, Indonesia and the effect of treatment with mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate","volume":"11","author":"Purnomo","year":"1980","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.78.2.51","article-title":"Impact of Giardia intestinalis on vitamin a status in schoolchildren from northwest Mexico","volume":"78","author":"Quihui-Cota","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.11.010","article-title":"Giardiasis\u2014why do the symptoms sometimes never stop?","volume":"26","author":"Robertson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.06.001","article-title":"Zoonotic potential of Giardia","volume":"43","author":"Ryan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-2866-1","article-title":"Validity of silver, chitosan, and curcumin nanoparticles as anti-Giardia agents","volume":"111","author":"Said","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2005.04.004","article-title":"Efficacy of a combination of febantel, pyrantel, and praziquantel for the treatment of kittens experimentally infected with Giardia species","volume":"8","author":"Scorza","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528909091334","article-title":"Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of giardiasis","volume":"169","author":"Shepherd","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-0197-3","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus casei as a probiotic on modulation of giardiasis","volume":"53","author":"Shukla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3394-3","article-title":"Comparative therapeutic effect of probiotic Lactobacillus casei alone and in conjunction with antiprotozoal drugs in murine giardiasis","volume":"112","author":"Shukla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80008-5","article-title":"Chronic giardiasis: studies on drug sensitivity, toxin production, and host immune response","volume":"83","author":"Smith","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-3","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal protozoa infection among school-aged children on Pemba Island, Tanzania, and effect of single-dose albendazole, nitazoxanide and albendazole-nitazoxanide","volume":"6","author":"Speich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0430","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Combined metronidazole and quinacrine hydrochloride therapy for chronic giardiasis","volume":"136","author":"Taylor","year":"1987","journal-title":"C.M.A.J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.008","article-title":"The zoonotic significance and molecular epidemiology of Giardia and giardiasis","volume":"126","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0440","first-page":"15","article-title":"Efecto de un extracto alcoh\u00f3lico de prop\u00f3leos sobre el crecimiento de Giardia lamblia in vitro","volume":"21","author":"Torres","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev. Cubana Cienc. Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000065823","article-title":"Quinacrine-resistant Giardia duodenalis","volume":"112","author":"Upcroft","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1996.2.303","article-title":"Albendazole resistance in Giardia is correlated with cytoskeletal changes but not with a mutation at amino acid 200 in b-tubulin","volume":"2","author":"Upcroft","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.1.150-164.2001","article-title":"Drug targets and mechanisms of resistance in the anaerobic protozoa","volume":"14","author":"Upcroft","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2015.01.005","article-title":"The effect of metronidazole on the cell cycle and DNA in metronidazole-susceptible and\u2014resistant Giardia cell lines","volume":"198","author":"Uzlikova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.11.013","article-title":"In vitro anti-Giardia lamblia activity of 2-aryl-3-hydroxymethyl imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and \u2212pyrimidines: individually and in combination with albendazole","volume":"155","author":"Vel\u00e1zquez-Olvera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.142236","article-title":"Refractory giardiasis: a molecular appraisal from a tertiary care centre in India","volume":"32","author":"Yadav","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Acta Tropica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001706X16302686?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001706X16302686?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T22:22:56Z","timestamp":1718662976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001706X16302686"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["S0001706X16302686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-706X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-706X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Combination therapy in the management of giardiasis: What laboratory and clinical studies tell us, so far","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Acta Tropica","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}