{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T20:10:11Z","timestamp":1793909411179,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533081600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation of South Africa"},{"name":"Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Tropica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T00:10:15Z","timestamp":1517530215000},"page":"15-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia: From microscopy to nucleic acid based tools in clinical and environmental regimes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Folasade Esther","family":"Adeyemo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulshan","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poovendhree","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thor Axel","family":"Stenstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-166","article-title":"Assessment of the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis and associated risk factors among primary school children in Chencha town, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Abossie","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4234-9","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia occurring in natural water bodies in Poland","volume":"114","author":"Adamska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2000.tb09005.x","article-title":"The plain hard truth about pathogen monitoring","volume":"92","author":"Allen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Works Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2010.48.1.43","article-title":"Presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in drinking water samples in the North of Portugal","volume":"48","author":"Almeida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3922-9","article-title":"Quantification of viable Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in wastewater using propidium monoazide quantitative real-time PCR","volume":"113","author":"Alonso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1780","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001780","article-title":"Common coinfections of Giardia intestinalis and Helicobacter pylori in non-symptomatic Ugandan children","volume":"6","author":"Ankarklev","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X278793","article-title":"Cryptosporidium species causing acute diarrhoea in children in Antananarivo, Madagascar","volume":"102","author":"Areeshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2010.04701.x","article-title":"Environmental surveillance and molecular characterization of human enteric viruses in tropical urban wastewaters","volume":"109","author":"Aw","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2531-0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium in children in Oyo State, Nigeria: implications for infection sources","volume":"110","author":"Ayinmode","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2027","article-title":"Digital PCR hits its stride","volume":"9","author":"Baker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.09.012","article-title":"Sensitive and specific detection of Cryptosporidium species in PCR-negative samples by loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification and confirmation of generated LAMP products by sequencing","volume":"158","author":"Bakheit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0060","first-page":"52506","article-title":"Development of a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for the rapid detection of subtype H7N9 avian influenza virus","author":"Bao","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.05.012","article-title":"Parasitic infections on the shore of Lake Victoria (East Africa) detected by Mini-FLOTAC and standard techniques","volume":"137","author":"Barda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-992-5_34","article-title":"Labeling and use of monoclonal antibodies in immunofluorescence: protocols for cytoskeletal and nuclear antigens","volume":"1131","author":"Bauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0276-y","article-title":"Fluorescent in situ hybridization as a tool to retrospectively identify Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in samples from terrestrial mammalian wildlife","volume":"100","author":"Bednarska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-016-0788-z","article-title":"Validation of Romanowsky staining as a novel screening test for the detection of faecal cryptosporidial oocysts","volume":"41","author":"Brar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6856","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00540-09","article-title":"Cryptosporidium propidium monoazide-PCR, a molecular biology-based technique for genotyping of viable Cryptosporidium oocysts","volume":"75","author":"Brescia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.7.2972-2980.2000","article-title":"Comparison of Cryptosporidium parvum viability and infectivity assays following ozone treatment of oocysts","volume":"66","author":"Bukhari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1139\/W07-032","article-title":"Blind trials evaluating in vitro infectivity of Cryptosporidium oocysts using cell culture immunofluorescence","volume":"53","author":"Bukhari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200999179X","article-title":"Identification of Giardia species and Giardia duodenalis assemblages by sequence analysis of the 5.8S rDNA gene and internal transcribed spacers","volume":"137","author":"Caccio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.58.11.3488-3493.1992","article-title":"Viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: correlation of in vitro excystation with inclusion or exclusion of fluorogenic vital dyes","volume":"58","author":"Campbell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200408000-00005","article-title":"Intestinal inflammation measured by fecal neopterin in Gambian children with enteropathy: association with growth failure, Giardia lamblia, and intestinal permeability","volume":"39","author":"Campbell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0115","series-title":"Marine Genomics: Methods and Protocols","first-page":"113","article-title":"The next-generation PCR-based quantification method for ambient waters: digital PCR","author":"Cao","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.09.082","article-title":"Advances in digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) and its emerging biomedical applications","volume":"90","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5495\/wjcid.v2.i1.1","article-title":"Current situation of Giardia infection in Spain: implications for public health","volume":"2","author":"Carmena","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2014.09.001","article-title":"Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis as pathogenic contaminants of water in Galicia, Spain: the need for safe drinking water","volume":"218","author":"Castro-Hermida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.2091","article-title":"Giardia duodenalis and chronic malnutrition in children under five from a rural area of Guinea-Bissau","volume":"26","author":"Centeno-Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Med. Port."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2002005","article-title":"D\u00e9tection des oocystes de Cryptosporidium dans les f\u00e8ces de caprins: comparaison entre un test d\u2019agglutination au latex et trois autres techniques conventionnelles","volume":"33","author":"Chartier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.247","article-title":"Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the water resources of the Kuang River catchment, Northern Thailand","volume":"562","author":"Chuah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-534R.1","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum: treatment effects and the rate of decline in oocyst infectivity","volume":"92","author":"Coulliette","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2006.00098.x","article-title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in surface water, including recreational areas: a one-year prospective study","volume":"47","author":"Coupe","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Immun. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bdq.2016.04.002","article-title":"Designing and interpretation of digital assays: concentration of target in the sample and in the source of sample","volume":"10","author":"Debski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomol. Detect. Quantif."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1021\/ac5041617","article-title":"Highly reproducible absolute quantification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by digital PCR","volume":"87","author":"Devonshire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120500156045","article-title":"First report of cryptosporidiosis in paediatric patients in Swaziland","volume":"15","author":"Dlamini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e111094","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111094","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a novel and rapid detection assay for Botrytis cinerea based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification","volume":"9","author":"Duan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-4157-z","article-title":"Occurrence and potential health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different water catchments in Belgium","volume":"187","author":"Ehsan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2014049","article-title":"First genotyping of Giardia duodenalis and prevalence of enteroparasites in children from Tetouan (Morocco)","volume":"21","author":"El Fatni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2585-z","article-title":"ImmunoCard STAT! cartridge antigen detection assay compared to microplate enzyme immunoassay and modified Kinyoun\u2019s acid-fast staining technique for detection of Cryptosporidium in fecal specimens","volume":"110","author":"El-Moamly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21048","article-title":"Giardia diagnostic methods in human fecal samples: a comparative study","volume":"84","author":"El-Nahas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytometry B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-2079-4","article-title":"Investigation of Cryptosporidium spp. antigen by ELISA method in stool specimens obtained from patients with diarrhea","volume":"108","author":"Elgun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3319-1","article-title":"Comparison of microscopy, rapid immunoassay, and molecular techniques for the detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"112","author":"Elsafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2003)089[0399:MINART]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Morphology is not a reliable tool for delineating species within Cryptosporidium","volume":"89","author":"Fall","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s13149-013-0316-7","article-title":"La cryptosporidiose de l\u2019enfant au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal: \u00e9tude de la pr\u00e9valence et apport du diagnostic s\u00e9rologique par ELISA","volume":"106","author":"Faye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de pathologie exotique"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00033-10","article-title":"Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.3916","article-title":"Intestinal parasites in children hospitalized at the Central Hospital in Maputo, Mozambique","volume":"8","author":"Fonseca","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185-190","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.18.1.185-190.1983","article-title":"Techniques for the recovery and identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts from stool specimens","volume":"18","author":"Garcia","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.209-212.2003","article-title":"Commercial assay for detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum antigens in human fecal specimens by rapid solid-phase qualitative immunochromatography","volume":"41","author":"Garcia","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0240","series-title":"Diagnostic Medical Parasitology","author":"Garcia","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0245","first-page":"193","article-title":"Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in pediatric hospital patients in Niamey, Niger","volume":"100","author":"Gay-Andrieu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0250","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intestinal protozoan and intestinal helminthic infections in displacement camps in Sierra Leone","volume":"36","author":"Gbakima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45-48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.03.040","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella typhi and intestinal parasites among food handlers in Mekelle University student cafeteria, Mekelle, Ethiopia","volume":"44","author":"Gebreyesus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.06.030","article-title":"Molecular detection of pathogens in water\u2014the pros and cons of molecular techniques","volume":"44","author":"Girones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10689.x","article-title":"Sensitive genotyping of Cryptosporidium parvum by PCR-RFLP analysis of the 70-kilodalton heat shock protein (HSP70) gene","volume":"200","author":"Gobet","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.05.005","article-title":"Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in sewage sludge and solid waste landfill leachate and quantitative comparative analysis of sanitization treatments on pathogen inactivation","volume":"106","author":"Graczyk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5178","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.9.5178-5185.2003","article-title":"Real-time PCR for quantification of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in environmental water samples and sewage","volume":"69","author":"Guy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918-924","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01733-10","article-title":"Detection and differentiation of Cryptosporidium spp. in human clinical samples by use of real-time PCR","volume":"49","author":"Hadfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2015.205","article-title":"A rapid and simple real-time PCR assay for detecting foodborne pathogenic bacteria in human feces","volume":"69","author":"Hanabara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1309\/83G3PE2H1V2NY9FK","article-title":"Microscopy of 4 pathogenic enteric protozoan parasites: a review","volume":"39","author":"Harrington","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lab. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2016.54.1.1","article-title":"An improved PCR-RFLP assay for detection and genotyping of asymptomatic Giardia lamblia infection in a resource-poor setting","volume":"54","author":"Hawash","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-321","article-title":"Epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis infection in ruminant livestock and children in the Ismailia province of Egypt: insights by genetic characterization","volume":"7","author":"Helmy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8604","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202028g","article-title":"High-throughput droplet digital PCR system for absolute quantitation of DNA copy number","volume":"83","author":"Hindson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2694-8","article-title":"Real-time PCR assay targeting the actin gene for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in calf fecal samples","volume":"110","author":"Homem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2014.29.10.1367","article-title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in environmental soil and vegetables","volume":"29","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.060481","article-title":"Correlation between subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum in humans and risk","volume":"13","author":"Hunter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1677","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001677","article-title":"High prevalence of Giardia duodenalis Assemblage B infection and association with underweight in Rwandan children","volume":"6","author":"Ignatius","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12596","article-title":"Detection of Giardia duodenalis assemblage A and B isolates by immunochromatography in stool samples from Rwandan children","volume":"10","author":"Ignatius","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410021072","article-title":"An outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis associated with exposure to swimming pool water","volume":"37","author":"Insulander","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2008.02.003","article-title":"Cryptosporidium-biotechnological advances in the detection, diagnosis and analysis of genetic variation","volume":"26","author":"Jex","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06444-11","article-title":"Comparison of assays for sensitive and reproducible detection of cell culture-infectious Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis in drinking water","volume":"78","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.2.623-626.2003","article-title":"Evaluation of three commercial assays for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium organisms in fecal specimens","volume":"41","author":"Johnston","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12698","article-title":"Diarrhoeagenic microbes by real-time PCR in Rwandan children under 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis","volume":"20","author":"Kabayiza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5660","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01152-07","article-title":"Development and preliminary evaluation of a loop mediated isothermal amplification procedure for sensitive detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal and water samples","volume":"73","author":"Karanis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5420","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00416-11","article-title":"Rapid detection and enumeration of Giardia lamblia cysts in water samples by immunomagnetic separation and flow cytometric analysis","volume":"77","author":"Keserue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0370","article-title":"Modified negative staining of heine for fast and inexpensive screening of Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and Cystoisospora spp","volume":"2014","author":"Khanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Not."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2014.06.010","article-title":"Comparison of droplet digital PCR and quantitative real-time PCR in mcrA-based methanogen community analysis","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2013.10.009","article-title":"Giardia\/giardiasis\u2014a perspective on diagnostic and analytical tools","volume":"32","author":"Koehler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2016-0094","article-title":"Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in environmental water in Turkey","volume":"61","author":"Koloren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773211Y.0000000011","article-title":"Investigations and comparative detection of Cryptosporidium species by microscopy nested PCR and LAMP in water supplies of Ordu, Middle Black Sea, Turkey","volume":"105","author":"Koloren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3232.1","article-title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium species in the sea and tap water samples of Black Sea, Turkey","volume":"99","author":"Koloren","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0400","first-page":"71","article-title":"Medical support of military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan","volume":"62","author":"Korzeniewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Marit. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0095-z","article-title":"Presence of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in water samples from Southeast Asia: towards an integrated water detection system","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0415","series-title":"Development of Antibodies and Their Fragments Against Cryptosporidium Parvum Antigens. Thesis, Faculty of Graduate Studies","first-page":"154","author":"Lai","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.2.971-979.2003","article-title":"Comparison of method 1623 and cell culture-PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in source waters","volume":"69","author":"LeChevallier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-0018-6","article-title":"Identification and determination of the viability of Giardia lamblia cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis oocysts in human fecal and water supply samples by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and monoclonal antibodies","volume":"98","author":"Lemos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5845","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01699-15","article-title":"Development and evaluation of three real-time PCR assays for genotyping and source tracking Cryptosporidium spp. in Water","volume":"81","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6476","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00677-11","article-title":"Detection of viable Cryptosporidium parvum in soil by reverse transcription-real-time PCR targeting hsp70 mRNA","volume":"77","author":"Liang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.08.014","article-title":"Comparison of propidium monoazide-quantitative PCR and reverse transcription quantitative PCR for viability detection of fresh Cryptosporidium oocysts following disinfection and after long-term storage in water samples","volume":"46","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97708","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097708","article-title":"Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and other intestinal parasites in young children in Lobata Province, Democratic Republic of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Principe","volume":"9","author":"Lobo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2014.07.014","article-title":"Droplet digital PCR as a useful tool for the quantitative detection of Enterovirus 71","volume":"207","author":"Lui","year":"2014","journal-title":"\u200eJ. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2016.192","article-title":"Human infective potential of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in urban wastewater treatment plant effluents","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0120997","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120997","article-title":"Development of a rapid, simple method for detecting Naegleria fowleri visually in water samples by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)","volume":"10","author":"Mahittikorn","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt042","article-title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts by IFA PCR and LAMP in surface water from Rasht, Iran","volume":"107","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0118833","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118833","article-title":"Digital PCR modeling for maximal sensitivity, dynamic range and measurement precision","volume":"10","author":"Majumdar","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12297","article-title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in clinical laboratories in Europe\u2014a comparative study","volume":"20","author":"Manser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0480","first-page":"29","article-title":"Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in clinical samples: PCR-RFLP analysis of the TRAP-C2 gene","volume":"4","author":"Mojarad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(00)00426-7","article-title":"Development of a nested PCR assay for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in finished water","volume":"35","author":"Monis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806007758","article-title":"Incidence of cryptosporidiosis species in paediatric patients in Malawi","volume":"135","author":"Morse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.5166","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in patients with diarrhea and chronic liver diseases","volume":"8","author":"Mousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-3988(10)60044-X","article-title":"A new duplex reverse transcription PCR for simultaneous detection of viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia duodenalis cysts","volume":"23","author":"Nam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-3171-8","article-title":"Use of multiplex real-time PCR for detection of common diarrhea causing protozoan parasites in Egypt","volume":"112","author":"Nazeer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2016.03.003","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidum spp. and Giardia spp. in environmental samples in Hanam province, Vietnam","volume":"3","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0515","first-page":"13","article-title":"A nested-PCR assay for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water samples iranian","volume":"34","author":"Nikaeen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.04.015","article-title":"Comparison of propidium monoazide with ethidium monoazide for differentiation of live vs dead bacteria by selective removal of DNA from dead cells","volume":"67","author":"Nocker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5111","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02987-06","article-title":"Use of propidium monoazide for live\/dead distinction in microbial ecology","volume":"73","author":"Nocker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.12.e63","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA","volume":"28","author":"Notomi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.122064","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasites in primary school children of Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa","volume":"3","author":"Nxasana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Health Sci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/734562","article-title":"Webuye health and demographic surveillance systems baseline survey of soil-transmitted helminths and intestinal protozoa among children up to five years","volume":"2013","author":"Obala","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19022674","article-title":"Comparative diagnostic techniques for Cryptosporidium infection","volume":"19","author":"Omoruyi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0792","article-title":"Pediatric diarrhea in Southern Ghana: etiology and association with intestinal inflammation and malnutrition","volume":"83","author":"Opintan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0053-2013","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction and nested-PCR approaches for detecting Cryptosporidium in water catchments of water treatment plants in Curitiba State of Paran\u00e1, Brazil","volume":"46","author":"Osaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2008.10.003","article-title":"High resolution melting-curve (HRM) analysis for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis in humans","volume":"23","author":"Pangasa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-9107-2","article-title":"Assessment of the real-time PCR and different digital PCR platforms for DNA quantification","volume":"408","author":"Pav\u0161i\u010d","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0570","first-page":"1003","article-title":"Evaluation of a droplet digital polymerase chain reaction format for DNA copy number quantification","volume":"84","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"\u200eAnal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1391-3","article-title":"Rapid identification of Giardia duodenalis by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) from faecal and environmental samples and comparative findings by PCR and real-time PCR methods","volume":"104","author":"Plutzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2009.02758.x","article-title":"Combination of ARAD microfibre filtration and LAMP methodology for simple rapid and cost effective detection of human pathogenic Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in drinking water","volume":"50","author":"Plutzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1874421401004010001","article-title":"Negative staining technique of heine for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp.: a fast and simple screening technique","volume":"4","author":"Potters","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Parasitol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02037-13","article-title":"Assessment of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. as a microbial source tracking tool for surface water: application in a mixed-use watershed","volume":"80","author":"Prystajecky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5380","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.9.5380-5388.2003","article-title":"Assessment of methods for detection of infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in reclaimed effluents","volume":"69","author":"Quintero-Betancourt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007-014-0042-6","article-title":"Reverse transcriptase droplet digital PCR shows high resilience to PCR inhibitors from plant, soil and water samples","volume":"10","author":"Ra\u010dki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0522","article-title":"Glycoprotein 60 diversity in Cryptosporidium parvum causing human and cattle cryptosporidiosis in the Rural Region of Northern Tunisia","volume":"90","author":"Rahmouni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0610","first-page":"392","article-title":"Different profile of intestinal protozoa and helminthic infections among patients with diarrhoea according to age attending a rural hospital in southern Ethiopia","volume":"31","author":"Ramos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44533","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044533","article-title":"Case-control study of the etiology of infant diarrheal disease in 14 districts in Madagascar","volume":"7","author":"Randremanana","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.06.002","article-title":"Cryptosporidium oocysts: challenging adversaries?","volume":"23","author":"Roberston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.2.841-845.1999","article-title":"Evaluation of immunomagnetic separation for recovery of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from environmental samples","volume":"65","author":"Rochelle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.55.12.3189-3196.1989","article-title":"Evaluation of immunofluorescence techniques for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from environmental samples","volume":"55","author":"Rose","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10924","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010924","article-title":"An epidemiologic review of enteropathogens in Gaborone, Botswana: shifting patterns of resistance in an HIV endemic region","volume":"5","author":"Rowe","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4486-z","article-title":"Evaluation of Immunocard STAT test and ELISA versus light microscopy in diagnosis of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis","volume":"114","author":"Sadaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000043","article-title":"Microbial aetiology of acute diarrhoea in children under five years of age in Khartoum, Sudan","volume":"64","author":"Saeed","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0650","first-page":"122","article-title":"Genotypic detection and evaluation of the removal efficiency of Giardia duodenalis at municipal wastewater treatment plants in Northern South Africa","volume":"31","author":"Samie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0655","first-page":"295","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium species at the wildlife\/livestock interface of the Kruger National Park, South Africa","volume":"36","author":"Samra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0660","first-page":"1","article-title":"Differential techniques used for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in stool specimens","volume":"1","author":"Shams","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis.: Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2015.07.002","article-title":"Humic substances cause fluorescence inhibition in real-time polymerase chain reaction","volume":"487","author":"Sidstedt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7548","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01579-07","article-title":"Aged HCT-8 cell monolayers support Cryptosporidium parvum infection","volume":"73","author":"Sifuentes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5127","DOI":"10.1109\/RSETE.2011.5965468","article-title":"Occurrence and genotypes of Giardia cysts in wastewater in North China, 2011","author":"Sike","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0680","first-page":"52","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in Harare, Zimbabwe","volume":"50","author":"Simango","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cent. Afr. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.3.1123-1127.2001","article-title":"Concentration and detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in surface water samples by method 1622 using ultrafiltration and capsule filtration","volume":"67","author":"Simmons","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6475","DOI":"10.1021\/es1004208","article-title":"Environmental reservoirs for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in south Asian Gangetic riverine system","volume":"44","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2011.11.039","article-title":"Bio-capture of S. Typhimurium from surface water by aptamer for culture-free quantification","volume":"78","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.02.017","article-title":"Determination of viable Salmonellae from potable and source water through PMA assisted qPCR","volume":"93","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.04.036","article-title":"Exploring the potential reservoirs of non specific TEM beta lactamase (blaTEM) gene in the Indo-Gangetic region: a risk assessment approach to predict health hazards","volume":"314","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-016-3688-3","article-title":"Novel aptamer-linked nanoconjugate approach for detection of waterborne bacterial pathogens: an update","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2017.259","article-title":"Comparison of droplet digital PCR and quantitative PCR for the detection of Salmonella and its application for river sediments","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.07.024","article-title":"Intestinal helminths and protozoa in children in pre-schools in Kafue district, Zambia","volume":"104","author":"Siwila","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3669","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.63.9.3669-3675.1997","article-title":"An in vitro method for detecting infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts with cell culture","volume":"63","author":"Slifko","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0730","series-title":"Infectious Disease: Foodborne Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-501-5_11","article-title":"Giardia","author":"Smith","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2004.02150.x","article-title":"Determination of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability by fluorescence in situ hybridization using a ribosomal RNA-directed probe","volume":"96","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2016.08.017","article-title":"Giardiasis: an update review on sensitivity and specificity of methods for laboratorial diagnosis","volume":"129","author":"Soares","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004729","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004729","article-title":"The burden of Cryptosporidium diarrheal disease among children <24\u202fmonths of age in moderate\/high mortality regions of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, utilizing data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)","volume":"10","author":"Sow","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2111-y","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges","volume":"10","author":"Squire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0755","first-page":"57","article-title":"Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in effluent from sewage treatment plant from eastern Poland","author":"Sroka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66562","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066562","article-title":"The applicability of TaqMan-based quantitative real-time PCR assays for detecting and enumerating Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in the environment","volume":"8","author":"Staggs","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLos One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.09.028","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections","volume":"40","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.008","article-title":"The zoonotic significance and molecular epidemiology of Giardia and giardiasis","volume":"126","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/80.6.858","article-title":"Comparison of methods for identification of Giardia lamblia","volume":"80","author":"Thornton","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.03.006","article-title":"Transmission cycles of Giardia duodenalis in dogs and humans in Temple communities in Bangkok\u2014a critical evaluation of its prevalence using three diagnostic tests in the field in the absence of a gold standard","volume":"111","author":"Traub","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.06.007","article-title":"Development of a qRT-PCR method to assess the viability of Giardia intestinalis cysts, Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii oocysts","volume":"59","author":"Travaill\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.06.009","article-title":"Household-based prevalence of helminths and parasitic protozoa in rural KwaZulu-Natal South Africa, assessed from faecal vault sampling","volume":"104","author":"Tr\u00f6nnberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0795","series-title":"Method 1623: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Water by Filtration\/IMS\/FA. EPA 815-R-05-002","author":"USEPA","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0800","series-title":"Method 1623. 1: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Water by Filtration\/IMS\/FA","author":"USEPA","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7537-9","article-title":"Occurrence of Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium sp. in wastewater samples from Sao Paulo State Brazil, and Lima, Peru","volume":"23","author":"Ulloa-Stanojlovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0810","first-page":"15","article-title":"A comprehensive review of diagnostic techniques for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in stool samples","volume":"2","author":"Vohra","year":"2012","journal-title":"IOSR J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0815","first-page":"384","article-title":"Application of FCM-qPCR to quantify the common water pathogens","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Huan Jing Ke Xue"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0820","series-title":"Giardiasis","first-page":"175","article-title":"Clinical symptoms and diagnosis by traditional methods","author":"Wolfe","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07505.x","article-title":"Development of a microtitre ELISA to quantify development of Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro","volume":"128","author":"Woods","year":"1995","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.3.1097-1101.2001","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium oocysts in samples of raw surface water and waste-water","volume":"67","author":"Xiao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.1.349-354.1996","article-title":"Complete development of Cryptosporidium parvum in bovine fallopian tube epithelial cells","volume":"64","author":"Yang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.08.004","article-title":"Comparison of next-generation droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) with quantitative PCR (qPCR) for enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts in faecal samples","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.5.2418-2424.2005","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of the periodontopathic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola","volume":"43","author":"Yoshida","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.12.001","article-title":"Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: critical insights into better drinking water management","volume":"5","author":"Zahedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0168169","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168169","article-title":"Zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in animals inhabiting Sydney water catchments","volume":"11","author":"Zahedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011_bib0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0159004","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159004","article-title":"Comparison of droplet digital PCR and quantitative PCR assays for quantitative detection of Xanthomonas citri Subsp citri","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Acta Tropica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001706X17304291?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001706X17304291?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,13]],"date-time":"2022-08-13T19:59:39Z","timestamp":1660420779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001706X17304291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"references-count":172,"alternative-id":["S0001706X17304291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-706X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-706X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia: From microscopy to nucleic acid based tools in clinical and environmental regimes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Acta Tropica","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.01.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}