{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T06:13:45Z","timestamp":1780121625423,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PAK 296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAK 296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Tropica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]],"date-time":"2018-07-10T02:53:30Z","timestamp":1531191210000},"page":"102-106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Causative agents and antimicrobial resistance patterns of human skin and soft tissue infections in Bagamoyo, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Theckla","family":"Kazimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim","family":"Abdulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Bategereza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Juma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Mhimbira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Weisser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrg","family":"Utzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"von M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f6ren L.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-455","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of antimicrobial resistance and bacterial spectrum of infection in Gabon, central Africa","volume":"13","author":"Alabi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0010","series-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1214482","article-title":"Beyond malaria - causes of fever in outpatient Tanzanian children","volume":"370","author":"D\u2019Acremont","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2048-3","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and clonal diversity of invasive Staphylococcus aureus in the rural Ashanti region","volume":"16","author":"Dekker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ghana. BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(09)70541-2","article-title":"Skin and soft tissue infection: microbiology and epidemiology","volume":"34","author":"Dryden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0030","first-page":"iii35","article-title":"Complicated skin and soft tissue infection","volume":"65","author":"Dryden","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000051","article-title":"Developments in skin and soft tissue infection","volume":"27","author":"Dryden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089716","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical Staphylococcus aureus from healthcare institutions in Ghana","volume":"9","author":"Egyir","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1996.tb03688.x","article-title":"Skin disease in rural Tanzania","volume":"35","author":"Henderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.126","article-title":"Staphylococcal disease in Africa: another neglected\u2019 tropical\u2019 disease","volume":"8","author":"Herrmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2283-0","article-title":"Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 in vegetables and fish raised in wastewater irrigated fields and stabilization ponds during a non-cholera outbreak period in Morogoro, Tanzania: an environmental health study","volume":"9","author":"Hounmanou","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-014-0589-1","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a cause of invasive infections in Central Africa: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"42","author":"Huson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/846453","article-title":"Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections in adults: a review of their epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and site of care","volume":"19","author":"Ki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00060","article-title":"Co-detection of panton-valentine leukocidin encoding genes and cotrimoxazole resistance in Staphylococcus aureus in Gabon: implications for HIV-patients\u2019 care","volume":"6","author":"Kraef","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01662","article-title":"The impact of the Staphylococcus aureus virulome on infection in a developing country: a cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Lebughe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147659","article-title":"Spectrum of microbial diseases and resistance patterns at a private teaching hospital in Kenya: implications for clinical practice","volume":"11","author":"Maina","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1975.01630220076006","article-title":"Bacterial skin infections in preschool and school children in coastal Tanzania","volume":"111","author":"Masawe","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2313.170529","article-title":"Cholera mortality during urban epidemic, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, August 16, 2015 - January 16, 2016","volume":"23","author":"McCrickard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0095","first-page":"778","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus skin infections: a hospital study","volume":"87","author":"Meddeb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tunis. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1071-0","article-title":"Incidence of skin and soft tissue infections in ambulatory and inpatient settings, 2005-2010","volume":"15","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0105","series-title":"Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List","author":"Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, United Republic of Tanzania","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-211","article-title":"Predominance of multi-resistant gram-negative bacteria colonizing chronic lower limb ulcers (CLLUs) at Bugando Medical Center","volume":"7","author":"Moremi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0115","first-page":"303","article-title":"Over-the-counter suboptimal dispensing of antibiotics in Uganda","volume":"6","author":"Mukonzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1975.tb03036.x","article-title":"The bacteriological ecosystem of the skin of children in an African tropical environment (Tanzania)","volume":"92","author":"Nsanzumuhire","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku174","article-title":"Emergence of trimethoprim resistance gene dfrG in Staphylococcus aureus causing human infection and colonization in sub-Saharan Africa and its import to Europe","volume":"69","author":"Nurjadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"567","key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0130","first-page":"e561","article-title":"Skin and soft tissue infections in intercontinental travellers and the import of multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to Europe","volume":"21","author":"Nurjadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-1858-0","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among pre-clinical and clinical medical students in a Tanzanian University","volume":"9","author":"Okamo","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1086\/503308","article-title":"Diagnostic insufficiency in Africa","volume":"42","author":"Okeke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773215Y.0000000030","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon","volume":"109","author":"Prestinaci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmv045","article-title":"The challenge of diagnosing and treating Staphylococcus aureus invasive infections in a resource-limited sub-Saharan Africa setting: a case report","volume":"61","author":"Rovira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu444","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"59","author":"Stevens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007_bib0160","first-page":"413","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections at a tertiary hospital in Botswana","volume":"101","author":"Truong","year":"2011","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."}],"container-title":["Acta Tropica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001706X18305473?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001706X18305473?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:12:56Z","timestamp":1757549576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001706X18305473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S0001706X18305473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-706X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-706X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Causative agents and antimicrobial resistance patterns of human skin and soft tissue infections in Bagamoyo, Tanzania","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Acta Tropica","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}