{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T22:15:14Z","timestamp":1792880114227,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Tropica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T12:11:42Z","timestamp":1535803902000},"page":"118-131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A systematic review and meta-analysis of small ruminant and porcine trypanosomiasis prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa (1986 to 2018)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Ebhodaghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1439-0703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.A.","family":"Ohiolei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Isaac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4314\/ajcem.v19i1.9","article-title":"Result of 2004 extended trypanosomosis survey of ruminants at Kachia Grazing Reserve, North Central Nigeria","volume":"19","author":"Abenga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr. J. Clin. Exp. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0010","first-page":"128","article-title":"Prevalence of haemoparasites of sheep and goats slaughtered in Bauchi Abattoir","volume":"4","author":"Adamu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Biol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0015","first-page":"41","article-title":"Studies on the blood parasites of sheep in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Adejinmi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0020","first-page":"101","article-title":"Haemoparasites and haematological parameters of slaughtered Ruminants and pigs at Bodija Abattoir, Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"16","author":"Ademola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0025","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Concurrent Naturally Acquired Trypanosome and Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Horro Sheep from Anger-Didessa Valley of Western Oromiya, Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Aga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v73i4.593","article-title":"A survey of trypanosomosis in Zambian goats using haematocrit centrifuge technique and polymerase chain reaction","volume":"73","author":"Ahmadu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0035","first-page":"214","article-title":"Preliminary studies on prevalence of Ruminant trypanosomosis in Ogbomoso area of Oyo State, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Ameen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Middle East J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0040","first-page":"28","article-title":"Prevalence of haemoparasites in Balami sheep from Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Amina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-009-0944-2","article-title":"Prevalence and haemato-biochemical parameters of trypanosome-infected pigs at Nsukka, Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"Anene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Path."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/BMRJ\/2016\/22358","article-title":"Parasitological screening of haemoparasites of small ruminants in karu local government area of Nasarawa state, Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Anyanwu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. Microbiol. Res. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.01.017","article-title":"Mange mite infestation in small ruminants in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"218","author":"Asmare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.02.015","article-title":"Major vectors and vector-borne diseases in small ruminants in Ethiopia: a systematic review","volume":"170","author":"Asmare","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.8900","article-title":"Prevalence of domestic animal trypanosomiasis in the Fontem sleeping sickness focus, Cameroon","volume":"43","author":"Asonganyi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Revue D\u2019\u00e9levage et de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des Pays Tropicaux"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.5897\/JVMAH2014.0372","article-title":"Prevalence of small ruminant tyrpanosomosis in Assosa and Homosha districts, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, North West of Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Ayana","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Anim. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0075","first-page":"99","article-title":"Prevalence of small ruminants trypanosomosis in Assosa district of benishalgul gumuz regional state, western part of Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"Bacha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica Globalis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.12.005","article-title":"Apparent lack of a domestic animal reservoir in Gambiense sleeping sickness in northwest Uganda","volume":"187","author":"Balyeidhusa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0085","series-title":"MetaXL User Guide","author":"Barendregt","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X10000295","article-title":"Resistance and resilience of traditionally managed West African Dwarf goats from the savanna zone of northern Nigeria to naturally acquired trypanosome and gastrointestinal nematode infections","volume":"85","author":"Behnke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.10.021","article-title":"Gold nano-particles\u2014against parasites and insect vectors","volume":"178","author":"Benelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.05.028","article-title":"Estimation of tsetse challenge and its relationship with trypanosomosis incidence in cattle kept under pastoral production systems in Kenya","volume":"155","author":"Bett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0818-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma vivax in domestic animals from selected districts of Tigray and Afar regions, Northern Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Birhanu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3275-9","article-title":"Livestock trypanosomosis in Uganda: parasite heterogeneity and anaemia status of naturally infected cattle, goats and pigs","volume":"112","author":"Biryomumaisho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0115","first-page":"35","article-title":"Trypanosomiasis in Red Sokoto and West African Dwarf Goats at Ikpa Abattoir, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Chinyere","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02271.x","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in domestic livestock of Kogo and Mbini foci (Equatorial Guinea)","volume":"14","author":"Cordon-Obras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000704","article-title":"Screening of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in domestic livestock and tsetse flies from an insular endemic focus (Luba, Equatorial Guinea)","volume":"4","author":"Cordon-Obras","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/MRJI\/2017\/35438","article-title":"Animal trypanosomosis in Kaura Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria","volume":"21","author":"Dadah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res. J. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.9091","article-title":"Prevalence of trypanosomiasis in sheep and goats in a region of northern Nigeria","volume":"47","author":"Daniel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Revue D\u2019\u00e9levage et de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des Pays Tropicaux"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0140","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current tsetse and trypanosomosis situation on Jos Plateau, Nigeria. Epizootiological factors that may enhance disease transmission and spread","volume":"58","author":"Dede","year":"2005","journal-title":"Revue D\u2019\u00e9levage et de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des Pays Tropicaux"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0145","first-page":"118","article-title":"Trypanosomosis in sheep and goats in Yayo District and Chewaka settlement area, Ilubabor zone, Oromia region, South Western Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Dera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol. Globalis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2006.04.004","article-title":"Random-effects model for meta-analysis of clinical trials: an update","volume":"28","author":"DerSimonian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.02.005","article-title":"Developing a progressive control pathway for animal Arican trypanosomiasis","volume":"33","author":"Diall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2004.07.008","article-title":"Small ruminants trypanosomosis in the southwest of Ethiopia","volume":"57","author":"Dinka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0165","first-page":"15","article-title":"The prevalence of trypanosome infection in trade cattle, goats and sheep slaughtered at the Kaduna abattoir","volume":"10","author":"Ezebuiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. J. Clin. Exp. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(93)90129-B","article-title":"The prevalence of concurrent trypanosome and gastrointestinal nematode infections in West African Dwarf sheep and goats in Nsukka area of eastern Nigeria","volume":"49","author":"Fakae","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0175","first-page":"141","article-title":"Prevalence of trypanosome infections in cattle and sheep in the Benin\u2019s west atacora agro-ecological zone","volume":"30","author":"Farougou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tropicultura"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237788","article-title":"The economic effects of trypanosomiasis in sheep and goats of a range research station in Kenya","volume":"11","author":"Griffin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Trop. Health Anim. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-322","article-title":"Domestic pigs as potential reservoirs of human and animal trypanosomiasis in Northern Tanzania","volume":"6","author":"Hamill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3923\/rjvs.2010.189.193","article-title":"Periodic variation in Trypanosoma infection rates in trade small ruminants at slaughter in Kaduna Central abattoir","volume":"3","author":"Harana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.4.486","article-title":"Fixed-and random-effects models in meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Hedges","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta\u2010analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1336-5","article-title":"Assessment of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) vulnerability in cattle-owing communities of sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"9","author":"Holt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.08.032","article-title":"Animal African Trypanosomiasis in Nigeria: a long way from elimination\/eradication","volume":"176","author":"Isaac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005876","article-title":"Mixed infections of trypanosomes in tsetse and pigs and their epidemiological significance in a sleeping sickness focus of Cote d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"129","author":"Jamonneau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0220","first-page":"7","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and haemo parasitism of sheep and goats at slaughter in Kano, northern-Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Jatau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sokoto J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(89)90025-3","article-title":"Occurrence of human serum-resistant Trypanosoma congolense in goats and sheep in Nigeria","volume":"31","author":"Joshua","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0230","first-page":"2284","article-title":"Haemonchosis and haemoparasites of small ruminants reared in north western, Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"Josiah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02357102","article-title":"An outbreak of trypanosomosis on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria","volume":"23","author":"Kalu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.9515","article-title":"Observations on the epidemiology of ruminant trypanosomosis in Kano State, Nigeria","volume":"49","author":"Kalu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4488(00)00215-7","article-title":"Trypanosomosis in small ruminants maintained by low riverine tsetse population in central Nigeria","volume":"40","author":"Kalu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.03.032","article-title":"Identification of highly effective antitrypanosomal compounds in essential oils from the Apiaceae family","volume":"156","author":"Kamte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1732-x","article-title":"Eco-epidemiology of porcine trypanosomosis in Karim Lamido, Nigeria: prevalence, seasonal distribution, tsetse density and infection rates","volume":"9","author":"Karshima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0260","first-page":"47","article-title":"Animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense around the old Gboko sleeping sickness focus in Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Karshima","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Vector Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0265","first-page":"56","article-title":"The prevalence of trypanosomosis in small ruminants and pigs in a sleeping sickness endemic area of Buikwe County, Mukono district, Uganda","volume":"49","author":"Katunguka-Rwakishaya","year":"1996","journal-title":"Revue D\u2019\u00e9levage et de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des Pays Tropicaux"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(96)00160-9","article-title":"Detection of Trypanosoma brucei, T. Congolense and T. Vivax infections in cattle, sheep and goats using latex agglutination","volume":"27","author":"Kayang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0275","first-page":"123","article-title":"Small ruminants trypanosomosis in Western Gojam Zone of amhara regional state, Northwestern Ethiopia","volume":"59","author":"Kebede","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0280","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence and pathogenic significance of trypanosomosis on sheep and goats of Mareka District, Dawro Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia","volume":"1","author":"Kebede","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Livest. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0285","first-page":"11","article-title":"The prevalence of trypanosomiasis in female wad goats in three local government areas of Ibadan Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"Leigh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7579.1000334","article-title":"Prevalence of Small Ruminant Trypanosomosis in Dangur District, Metekel Zone, Benishangul Gumuz Region, North Western Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Lelisa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0295","first-page":"215","article-title":"Prevalence of small ruminant trypanosomosis and tsetse fly challenge in Upper Didessa Valley, Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"Leta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1404-x","article-title":"Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Ethiopia: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Leta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.10.020","article-title":"Implications of the re-invasion of Southeast Uganda by Glossina pallidipes on the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis","volume":"128","author":"Magona","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-239","article-title":"A longitudinal survey of African animal trypanosomiasis in domestic cattle on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria: prevalence, distribution and risk factors","volume":"6","author":"Majekodunmi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000074941","article-title":"Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense: molecular characterization of a new genotype from Tsavo, Kenya","volume":"106","author":"Majiwa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0320","series-title":"Prevalence and Associations of Trypanosoma Spp. And Sodalis glossinidus With Intrinsic Factors of Tsetse Flies","author":"Manun","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0325","first-page":"128","article-title":"Study on prevalence of hemoparasitein small ruminants in and around Sebata town, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"Mekuria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0330","article-title":"Hemoparasites and hematological evaluations in Sokoto Red goats slaughtered during the dry season in Sabon Gari local government area, Kaduna State, Nigeria","volume":"33","author":"Mohammed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Niger. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5718-1","article-title":"Resistance to trypanocidal drugs in cattle populations of Zambezia Province, Mozambique","volume":"117","author":"Mulandane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000054","article-title":"Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data","volume":"13","author":"Munn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Evid. Healthc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.16-0240","article-title":"A PCR-based survey of animal African trypanosomosis and selected piroplasm parasites of cattle and goats in Zambia","volume":"78","author":"Musinguzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005993","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005993","article-title":"The study of trypanosome species circulating in domestic animals in two human African trypanosomiasis foci of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire identifies pigs and cattle as potential reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense","volume":"11","author":"N\u2019Djetchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-217","article-title":"Molecular epidemiological studies on animal trypanosomiases in Ghana","volume":"5","author":"Nakayima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9292-4-5","article-title":"Detection of trypanosomes in small ruminants and pigs in western Kenya: important reservoirs in the epidemiology of sleeping sickness?","volume":"4","author":"Ng\u2019ayo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kinetoplastid Biol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2011182171","article-title":"Trypanosoma vivax, T. Congolense \u201cforest type\u201d and T. simiae: prevalence in domestic animals of sleeping sickness foci of Cameroon","volume":"18","author":"Nimpaye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasite: J. de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Parasitologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000147","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for rapid detection of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense","volume":"2","author":"Njiru","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00213-3","article-title":"Characterization of Trypanosoma brucei sl subspecies by isoenzymes in domestic pigs from the Fontem sleeping sickness focus of Cameroon","volume":"81","author":"Nkinin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.04.003","article-title":"Prevalence and species distribution of caprine trypanosomosis in Sinazongwe and Kalomo districts of Zambia","volume":"210","author":"Nyimba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0390","first-page":"16","article-title":"Survey of animal trypanosomosis and biting flies in parts of alkaleri local government area of Bauchi state, Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Obaloto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Agric. Healthc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2801-0","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the prevalence of African animal trypanosomiasis in Nigeria from 1960 to 2017","volume":"11","author":"Odeniran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0400","first-page":"231","article-title":"Application of antigen-detection enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of porcine Trypanosoma brucei infection","volume":"70","author":"Ogunsanmi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Arh."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.3923\/javaa.2010.2422.2426","article-title":"Prevalence of trypanosomiasis in ruminants in parts of Abia State, Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Ohaen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0410","first-page":"31","article-title":"Prevalence of haemo and Gastrointestinal parasites in sheep kept by the Nomadic Fulanis in some Northern states of Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Okaiyeto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0415","first-page":"183","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei infection in domestic pigs in a sleeping sickness epidemic area of Uganda. Short communication","volume":"43","author":"Okuna","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.9076","article-title":"Pig trypanosomosis: prevalence and significance in the endemic Middle Belt zone of southern Nigeria","volume":"47","author":"Omeke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Revue D\u2019\u00e9levage et de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des Pays Tropicaux"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742758400019664","article-title":"Tsetse and bovine trypanosomosis incidence at Egbe in the derived savanna zone of Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"Omoogun","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0430","first-page":"142","article-title":"The prevalence of animal trypanosomosis in Konshisha Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria","volume":"55","author":"Omotainse","year":"2000","journal-title":"Israel J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02356992","article-title":"Porcine trypanosomosis in nigeria: infections in local and exotic pigs in the Nsukka Area of Anambra State","volume":"23","author":"Onah","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0440","first-page":"65","article-title":"Preliminary studies on prevalence and importance of goat trypanosomosis in selected farms in Morogoro District, Tanzania","volume":"19","author":"Onditi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Livest. Res. Rural Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.5455\/jva.1969123104000000","article-title":"Prevalence of haemoparasites of small ruminants in Lafia Nassarawa state: a guinea savannah zone of Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"Opara","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00011-4","article-title":"Health and productivity of traditionally managed Djallonke sheep and West African dwarf goats under high and moderate trypanosomosis risk","volume":"82","author":"Osaer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2015.044","article-title":"A study on African animal trypanosomosis in four areas of Senegal","volume":"62","author":"Ravel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1125-6","article-title":"The role of domestic animals in the epidemiology of human african trypanosomiasis in Ngorongoro conservation area, Tanzania","volume":"8","author":"Ruiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005977","article-title":"Protecting cows in small holder farms in East Africa from tsetse flies by mimicking the odor profile of a non-host bovid","volume":"11","author":"Saini","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0470","article-title":"Seasonal variation in trypanosomosis rates in small ruminants at the Kaduna abattoir, Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Samdi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0475","series-title":"Epidemiology of African Animal Trypanosomiasis in Transhumant Herds of the Sub-humid Zone of Nigeria","author":"Santirso-Margaretto","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0480","first-page":"1","article-title":"A wet season survey of animal trypanosomosis in Shongom local government area of Gombe state. Nigeria","volume":"19","author":"Shamaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Protozoological Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.02.026","article-title":"High prevalence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense group 1 in pigs from the Fontem sleeping sickness focus in Cameroon","volume":"139","author":"Simo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2007.09.005","article-title":"Tsetse fly host preference from sleeping sickness foci in Cameroon: epidemiological implications","volume":"8","author":"Simo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.04.019","article-title":"Identification and genetic characterization of Trypanosoma congolense in domestic animals of Fontem in the South-West region of Cameroon","volume":"18","author":"Simo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.04.005","article-title":"The comparative role of cattle, goats and pigs in the epidemiology of livestock trypanosomiasis on the plateau of eastern Zambia","volume":"147","author":"Simukoko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.06.032","article-title":"Biting flies and Trypanosoma vivaxinfection in three highland districts bordering Lake Tana, Ethiopia","volume":"142","author":"Sinshaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0510","first-page":"16","article-title":"Epidemiological significance of major hemoparasites of ruminants in and around Debre-Zeit, Central Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"Sitotaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Vector Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(96)01003-5","article-title":"Observations on the prevalence of trypanosomosis in small ruminants, equines and cattle, in relation to tsetse challenge, in the Gambia","volume":"66","author":"Snow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.12.011","article-title":"Baseline survey of animal trypanosomosis in the region of the Boucle du Mouhoun, Burkina Faso","volume":"94","author":"Sow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(99)00096-0","article-title":"Feeding patterns of three sympatric tsetse species (Glossina spp.) (Diptera: glossinidae) in the preforest zone of Cote d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"75","author":"Sp\u00e4th","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2017.11.002","article-title":"Identification of tagitinin C from Tithonia diversifolia as antitrypanosomal compound using bioactivity-guided fractionation","volume":"124","author":"Sut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0535","volume":"46","author":"Swallow","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0540","first-page":"68","article-title":"Prevalence of trypanosomosis in small ruminants of Guto Gidda district, East Wellega zone, western Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Tadesse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethiop. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.8693","article-title":"A survey of trypanosomiasis in Gamu Gofa region (Ethiopia)","volume":"41","author":"Takele","year":"1988","journal-title":"Revue D\u2019\u00e9levage et de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des Pays Tropicaux"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.5455\/jva.20150207123646","article-title":"Prevalence of haemoparasites in red sokoto goats slaughtered at Ahiaeke Market, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Ukwueze","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0555","first-page":"96","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of animal trypanosomiasis in Kaltungo Local Government Area Gombe State Nigeria","volume":"18","author":"Usman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Protozool. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e941","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000941","article-title":"Factors associated with acquisition of human infective and animal infective trypanosome infections in domestic livestock in western Kenya","volume":"5","author":"Von Wissmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0565","first-page":"59","article-title":"Porcine trypanosomiasis in southeastern Uganda: prevalence and assessment of therapeutic effectiveness","volume":"8","author":"Waiswa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803235001688","article-title":"Domestic animals as reservoirs for sleeping sickness in three endemic foci in south\u2013eastern Uganda","volume":"97","author":"Waiswa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4314\/ajcem.v18i2.10","article-title":"Prevalence of trypanosomiasis in sheep in the Kachia grazing reserve, Kachia, Kaduna state, Nigeria","volume":"18","author":"Wayo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr. J. Clin. Exp. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1645\/16-33","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with hemoparasites in cattle and goats at the edge of Kibale National Park, Western Uganda","volume":"103","author":"Weny","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Acta Tropica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001706X18306958?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001706X18306958?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:11:31Z","timestamp":1757549491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001706X18306958"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":116,"alternative-id":["S0001706X18306958"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-706X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-706X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of small ruminant and porcine trypanosomiasis prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa (1986 to 2018)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Acta Tropica","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}