{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T04:08:54Z","timestamp":1780718934082,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["642414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["642414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Biomaterialia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T18:47:44Z","timestamp":1569869264000},"page":"202-212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Contrast enhanced computed tomography for real-time quantification of glycosaminoglycans in cartilage tissue engineered constructs"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4837-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Longoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debby","family":"Gawlitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"J.W.P. Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5453-3668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark W.","family":"Grinstaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"T\u00f6yr\u00e4s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harrie","family":"Weinans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1585-3052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura B.","family":"Creemers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1986-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behdad","family":"Pouran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0005","first-page":"646","article-title":"Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions","volume":"81","author":"Woolf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Org."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21258","article-title":"Osteoarthritis","volume":"213","author":"Goldring","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.08.015","article-title":"Inflammation in joint injury and post-traumatic osteoarthritis","volume":"23","author":"Lieberthal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.03.004","article-title":"Emerging targets in osteoarthritis therapy","volume":"22","author":"Goldring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.08.027","article-title":"Engineering cartilage tissue","volume":"60","author":"Chung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Del. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(86)90306-5","article-title":"Improved quantitation and discrimination of sulphated glycosaminoglycans by use of dimethylmethylene blue","volume":"883","author":"Farndale","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-9120(96)00003-6","article-title":"A simplified method for the analysis of hydroxyproline in biological tissues","volume":"29","author":"Reddy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.05.033","article-title":"Imaging challenges in biomaterials and tissue engineering","volume":"34","author":"Appel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.12.016","article-title":"Simultaneous three-dimensional visualization of mineralized and soft skeletal tissues by a novel microCT contrast agent with polyoxometalate structure","volume":"159","author":"Kerckhofs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2010.0368","article-title":"Noninvasive multimodal evaluation of bioengineered cartilage constructs combining time-resolved fluorescence and ultrasound imaging","volume":"17","author":"Fite","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2010.0669","article-title":"Nondestructive method to evaluate the collagen content of fibrin-based tissue engineered structures via ultrasound","volume":"17","author":"Kreitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2011.0343","article-title":"Nondestructive evaluation of tissue engineered articular cartilage using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and ultrasound backscatter microscopy","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2015.0453","article-title":"Ultrasound Imaging Techniques for Spatiotemporal Characterization of Composition, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties in Tissue Engineering","volume":"22","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.07.036","article-title":"Ultrasound monitoring of cartilaginous matrix evolution in degradable PEG hydrogels","volume":"5","author":"Rice","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2017.0125","article-title":"Nondestructive\/noninvasive imaging evaluation of cellular differentiation progression during in vitro mesenchymal stem cell-derived chondrogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Correa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aaccbf","article-title":"Label free process monitoring of 3D bioprinted engineered constructs via dielectric impedance spectroscopy","volume":"10","author":"Narayanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1021\/cr200358s","article-title":"X-ray-computed tomography contrast agents","volume":"113","author":"Lusic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19255","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606406103","article-title":"Analysis of cartilage matrix fixed charge density and three-dimensional morphology via contrast-enhanced microcomputed tomography","volume":"103","author":"Palmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603512447300","article-title":"Delayed computed tomography arthrography of human knee cartilage in vivo","volume":"3","author":"Kokkonen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12112246","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced CT with a high-affinity cationic contrast agent for imaging ex vivo bovine, intact ex vivo rabbit, and in vivo rabbit cartilage","volume":"266","author":"Stewart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.09.006","article-title":"Surface roughness and thickness analysis of contrast-enhanced articular cartilage using mesh parameterization","volume":"24","author":"Maerz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-071516-044525","article-title":"Assessing cartilage biomechanical properties: techniques for evaluating the functional performance of cartilage in health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Lakin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22421","article-title":"Contrast enhanced CT attenuation correlates with the GAG content of bovine meniscus","volume":"31","author":"Lakin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Orth. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1629-z","article-title":"Cationic contrast agent diffusion differs between cartilage and meniscus","volume":"44","author":"Honkanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23337","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced CT imaging as a non-destructive tool for ex vivo examination of the biochemical content and structure of the human meniscus","volume":"35","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orth. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.08.006","article-title":"Three-dimensional characterization of in vivo intervertebral disc degeneration using EPIC-muCT","volume":"22","author":"Maerz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-017-1891-8","article-title":"The quantitative structural and compositional analyses of degenerating intervertebral discs using magnetic resonance imaging and contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23364","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced muCT of the intervertebral disc: a comparison of anionic and cationic contrast agents for biochemical and morphological characterization","volume":"35","author":"Newton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orth. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2011.0688","article-title":"Endogenous regeneration of critical-size chondral defects in immunocompromised rat xiphoid cartilage using decellularized human bone matrix scaffolds","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5543","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00234","article-title":"Synthesis and preclinical characterization of a cationic iodinated imaging contrast agent (CA4+) and its use for quantitative computed tomography of ex vivo human hip cartilage","volume":"60","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2016.09.003","article-title":"Isolated effects of external bath osmolality, solute concentration, and electrical charge on solute transport across articular cartilage","volume":"38","author":"Pouran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.03.024","article-title":"Multiphasic modeling of charged solute transport across articular cartilage: application of multi-zone finite-bath model","volume":"49","author":"Arbabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-018-0117-y","article-title":"Nondestructive assessment of glycosaminoglycans in engineered cartilages using hexabrix-enhanced micro-computed tomography","volume":"15","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13234","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9053306","article-title":"Effect of contrast agent charge on visualization of articular cartilage using computed tomography: exploiting electrostatic interactions for improved sensitivity","volume":"131","author":"Joshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21312","article-title":"Cationic contrast agents improve quantification of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content by contrast enhanced CT imaging of cartilage","volume":"29","author":"Bansal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Orth. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.09.007","article-title":"Cationic agent contrast-enhanced computed tomography imaging of cartilage correlates with the compressive modulus and coefficient of friction","volume":"21","author":"Lakin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23141","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced CT using a cationic contrast agent enables non-destructive assessment of the biochemical and biomechanical properties of mouse tibial plateau cartilage","volume":"34","author":"Lakin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Orth. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2017.00038","article-title":"Micro-scale distribution of CA4+ in ex vivo human articular cartilage detected with contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography imaging","volume":"5","author":"Karhula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5411.143","article-title":"Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"284","author":"Pittenger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.08.023","article-title":"BoneJ: Free and extensible bone image analysis in ImageJ","volume":"47","author":"Doube","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.06.018","article-title":"3D imaging of tissue integration with porous biomaterials","volume":"29","author":"Guldberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5577","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S36111","article-title":"The role of surface charge in cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of medical nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Frohlich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23595","article-title":"Murine articular cartilage morphology and compositional quantification with high resolution cationic contrast-enhanced muCT","volume":"35","author":"Mashiatulla","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orth. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12112246","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced CT with a high-affinity cationic contrast agent for imaging ex vivo bovine, intact ex vivo rabbit, and in vivo rabbit cartilage","volume":"266","author":"Rachel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0235","first-page":"631","article-title":"Metabolic effects of X-ray irradiation on adult human articular chondrocytes","volume":"11","author":"Takahashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-005-0135-3","article-title":"Effects of radiation therapy on chondrocytes in vitro","volume":"78","author":"Margulies","year":"2006","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1667\/RR13928.1","article-title":"Impact of therapeutic irradiation on healthy articular cartilage","volume":"183","author":"Saintigny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(94)90898-2","article-title":"Effects of radiation on chondrocytes in culture","volume":"15","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119334","article-title":"Radiation-induced alterations of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Cruet-Hennequart","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2174\/157339709787315320","article-title":"Transport properties of cartilaginous tissues","volume":"5","author":"Jackson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2010.06.002","article-title":"Diffusion coefficients of articular cartilage for different CT and MRI contrast agents","volume":"32","author":"Kulmala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.09.091","article-title":"Avidin as a model for charge driven transport into cartilage and drug delivery for treating early stage post-traumatic osteoarthritis","volume":"35","author":"Bajpayee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22841","article-title":"A rabbit model demonstrates the influence of cartilage thickness on intra-articular drug delivery and retention within cartilage","volume":"33","author":"Bajpayee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orth. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.06.012","article-title":"Multi-scale imaging techniques to investigate solute transport across articular cartilage","volume":"78","author":"Pouran","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2014.0397","article-title":"Corneal tissue engineering: recent advances and future perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Ghezzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4137\/OED.S17204","article-title":"Glycosaminoglycans in the human cornea: age-related changes","volume":"7","author":"Pacella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Eye Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000231761.73859.2c","article-title":"What is intervertebral disc degeneration, and what causes it?","volume":"31","author":"Adams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0746-2","article-title":"Tissue engineering and the intervertebral disc: the challenges","volume":"17","author":"Kandel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.03.014","article-title":"Valve proteoglycan content and glycosaminoglycan fine structure are unique to microstructure, mechanical load and age: Relevance to an age-specific tissue-engineered heart valve","volume":"4","author":"Stephens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-061008-124903","article-title":"Bioengineering challenges for heart valve tissue engineering","volume":"11","author":"Sacks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."}],"container-title":["Acta Biomaterialia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1742706119306269?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1742706119306269?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T17:20:33Z","timestamp":1761672033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1742706119306269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["S1742706119306269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-7061"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-7061","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Contrast enhanced computed tomography for real-time quantification of glycosaminoglycans in cartilage tissue engineered constructs","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Acta Biomaterialia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.09.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}