{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T18:18:21Z","timestamp":1788373101339,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECCS-2025158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-2025158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPBI-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPBI-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.06264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.06264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COMPETE2030-FEDER-00670700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE2030-FEDER-00670700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101130766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101130766"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01280\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01280\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MPr-2023-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MPr-2023-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15629"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HORIZON-WIDERA-2022-TALENTS-04-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HORIZON-WIDERA-2022-TALENTS-04-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015862","name":"Chinese Nutrition Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007229","name":"Harvard University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Biomaterialia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T02:53:19Z","timestamp":1759546399000},"page":"546-559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Gastrointestinal distribution of engineered biodegradable urease-powered nanomotors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"207","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7434-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cec\u00edlia","family":"Cristelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Traverso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5763-7553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2317-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"das Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.09.012","article-title":"Micro- and macrorheology of mucus","volume":"61","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Del. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.09.018","article-title":"Physicochemical properties of mucus and their impact on transmucosal drug delivery","volume":"532","author":"Leal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.09.008","article-title":"Barrier properties of mucus","volume":"61","author":"Cone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Del. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0004","article-title":"Mucus-producing 3D cell culture models","volume":"178","author":"Macedo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Del. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5058","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00948A","article-title":"Molecular and cellular cues governing nanomaterial-mucosae interactions: from nanomedicine to nanotoxicology","volume":"49","author":"das Neves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.3109\/1061186X.2015.1086359","article-title":"Size selectivity of intestinal mucus to diffusing particulates is dependent on surface chemistry and exposure to lipids","volume":"23","author":"Yildiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2020.12.001","article-title":"Avoiding a sticky situation: bypassing the mucus barrier for improved local drug delivery","volume":"27","author":"Zierden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.12.002","article-title":"Technological strategies to estimate and control diffusive passage times through the mucus barrier in mucosal drug delivery","volume":"124","author":"Newby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Del. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19268","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905998106","article-title":"Biodegradable polymer nanoparticles that rapidly penetrate the human mucus barrier","volume":"106","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.05.035","article-title":"Scalable method to produce biodegradable nanoparticles that rapidly penetrate human mucus","volume":"170","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9217","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b03876","article-title":"Impact of surface polyethylene glycol (PEG) density on biodegradable nanoparticle transport in mucus ex vivo and distribution in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-024-00169-2","article-title":"Nanoscale anisotropy for biomedical applications","volume":"2","author":"Almeida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Bioeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-020-00232-7","article-title":"Synthesis and applications of anisotropic nanoparticles with precisely defined dimensions","volume":"5","author":"Pearce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7176","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b03515","article-title":"Rotation-facilitated rapid transport of nanorods in mucosal tissues","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b04841","article-title":"Enhanced transport of shape and rigidity-tuned alpha-Lactalbumin nanotubes across intestinal mucus and cellular barriers","volume":"20","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7291","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217291","article-title":"Magnetically driven muco-inert Janus nanovehicles for enhanced mucus penetration and cellular uptake","volume":"27","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57045-9","article-title":"Bioactive nanomotor enabling efficient intestinal barrier penetration for colorectal cancer therapy","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabn3917","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn3917","article-title":"Biological chemotaxis-guided self-thermophoretic nanoplatform augments colorectal cancer therapy through autonomous mucus penetration","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0019","article-title":"Self-thermophoretic nanoparticles enhance intestinal mucus penetration and reduce pathogenic bacteria interception in colorectal cancer","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1021\/nn507097k","article-title":"Artificial micromotors in the mouse's stomach: a step toward in vivo use of synthetic motors","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9536","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b04795","article-title":"Enteric micromotor can selectively position and spontaneously propel in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eado6798","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado6798","article-title":"Oral microsphere formulation of M2 macrophage-mimetic Janus nanomotor for targeted therapy of ulcerative colitis","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8311","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b03935","article-title":"Micromotors powered by enzyme catalysis","volume":"15","author":"Dey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14321","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903438106","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori moves through mucus by reducing mucin viscoelasticity","volume":"106","author":"Jonathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500501","article-title":"Enzymatically active biomimetic micropropellers for the penetration of mucin gels","volume":"1","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba6137","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aba6137","article-title":"Enzyme-powered Janus platelet cell robots for active and targeted drug delivery","volume":"5","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0027","article-title":"Lipase-powered asymmetric silica nanomotors with a tailored head-tail structure for enhanced mucus penetration","volume":"34","author":"Ban","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7896","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b03460","article-title":"Influence of enzyme quantity and distribution on the self-propulsion of non-Janus urease-powered micromotors","volume":"140","author":"Pati\u00f1o","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16701","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c01760","article-title":"Catalase-powered nanobots for overcoming the mucus barrier","volume":"18","author":"Serra-Casablancas","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat4388","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat4388","article-title":"A swarm of slippery micropropellers penetrates the vitreous body of the eye","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.09.027","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiome in uremia: A potential therapeutic target","volume":"67","author":"Ramezani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-011-0048-9","article-title":"Biodegradable mucus-penetrating nanoparticles composed of diblock copolymers of polyethylene glycol and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201006849","article-title":"Biodegradable nanoparticles composed entirely of safe materials that rapidly penetrate human mucus","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(98)00116-3","article-title":"PLGA nanoparticles prepared by nanoprecipitation: drug loading and release studies of a water soluble drug","volume":"57","author":"Govender","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2008.08.027","article-title":"Production of large quantities of \u201cJanus\u201d nanoparticles using wax-in-water emulsions","volume":"332","author":"Perro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5615","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c10520","article-title":"Enzyme purification improves the enzyme loading, self-propulsion, and endurance performance of micromotors","volume":"16","author":"Valles","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2005.06.002","article-title":"Feature point tracking and trajectory analysis for video imaging in cell biology","volume":"151","author":"Sbalzarini","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12111899","article-title":"MPTHub: an open-source software for characterizing the transport of particles in biorelevant media","volume":"12","author":"Gabriel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201901710","article-title":"Self-Propelled PLGA Micromotor with Chemotactic Response to Inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0040","series-title":"Cell Viability Assays: Methods and Protocols","first-page":"1","article-title":"Basic colorimetric proliferation assays: MTT, WST, and resazurin","author":"Pr\u00e4bst","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CS00804G","article-title":"Colloidal molecules and patchy particles: complementary concepts, synthesis and self-assembly","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13935","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b02558","article-title":"Bare and sterically stabilized PLGA nanoparticles for the stabilization of Pickering emulsions","volume":"34","author":"Albert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2021.03.061","article-title":"Tuning morphology of Pickering emulsions stabilised by biodegradable PLGA nanoparticles: How PLGA characteristics influence emulsion properties","volume":"595","author":"Robin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1021\/la703274a","article-title":"Controlling the geometry (Janus balance) of amphiphilic colloidal particles","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2018.06.029","article-title":"Surface modification with polyethylene glycol enhances colorectal distribution and retention of nanoparticles","volume":"130","author":"Nunes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.1021\/jp070887m","article-title":"Interaction of urea with pluronic block copolymers by 1H NMR spectroscopy","volume":"111","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9347","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.2c01207","article-title":"How kosmotropic and chaotropic osmolytes perturb the properties of an aqueous solution of a pluronic block copolymer?","volume":"38","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/22\/29\/295712","article-title":"Effect of hydrophilicity of carbon nanotube arrays on the release rate and activity of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2","volume":"22","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914523","article-title":"Investigating the effect of surface hydrophilicity on the destiny of PLGA-Poloxamer nanoparticles in an in vivo animal model","volume":"24","author":"Silvestri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10291","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AY02670A","article-title":"Optimization of enzyme immobilization on magnetic microparticles using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) as a crosslinking agent","volume":"7","author":"Kazenwadel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.102.188305","article-title":"Anomalous diffusion of symmetric and asymmetric active colloids","volume":"102","author":"Golestanian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.8b00286","article-title":"Powering motion with enzymes","volume":"51","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2018.01.001","article-title":"Nanoscale active matter matters: Challenges and opportunities for self-propelled nanomotors","volume":"19","author":"Santiago","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd2823","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abd2823","article-title":"Swarming behavior and in vivo monitoring of enzymatic nanomotors within the bladder","volume":"6","author":"Hortel\u00e3o","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202309387","article-title":"Swarms of enzyme-powered nanomotors enhance the diffusion of macromolecules in viscous media","volume":"20","author":"Ruiz-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8794","DOI":"10.1021\/nn502360t","article-title":"Nanopropellers and their actuation in complex viscoelastic media","volume":"8","author":"Schamel","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.03.017","article-title":"Particle tracking in drug and gene delivery research: State-of-the-art applications and methods","volume":"91","author":"Schuster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Del. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02816-7","article-title":"A mucoadhesive-to-penetrating nanomotors-in-hydrogel system for urothelium-oriented intravesical drug delivery","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202203466","article-title":"Oral nanomotor-enabled mucus traverse and tumor penetration for targeted chemo-sono-immunotherapy against colon cancer","volume":"18","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123236","article-title":"Mucus-penetrating nanomotor system strengthens mucosal immune response to in situ bacterial vaccine against severe bacterial pneumonia","volume":"320","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398409530585","article-title":"Comparative decontamination of hexachlorobenzene-exposed rats and rabbits by hexadecane","volume":"14","author":"Scheufler","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(84)90201-1","article-title":"Effect of hexadecane on the pharmacokinetics of hexachlorobenzene","volume":"75","author":"Scheufler","year":"1984","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(84)91382-2","article-title":"Hexadecane increases the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD): Is brown adipose tissue the primary target in TCDD-induced wasting syndrome?","volume":"125","author":"Rozman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1177\/10915818231210856","article-title":"Toxicological assessment of higher olefins in OECD TG 422 repeated dose and reproductive\/developmental toxicity screening tests in Han Wistar rats","volume":"43","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05061-3","article-title":"Rapid transport of deformation-tuned nanoparticles across biological hydrogels and cellular barriers","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.2688","article-title":"Improving cellular uptake and in vivo tumor suppression efficacy of liposomal oligonucleotides by urea as a chemical penetration enhancer","volume":"15","author":"Saffari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gene Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201705086","article-title":"Enzyme-powered nanobots enhance anticancer drug delivery","volume":"28","author":"Hortel\u00e3o","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0068","first-page":"1","article-title":"Final report of the safety assessment of urea","volume":"24","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.7.849","article-title":"Adaption of hydrogen analysis to measure stomach to caecum transit time in the rat","volume":"28","author":"Brown","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6683","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b09726","article-title":"Urease-powered polydopamine nanomotors for intravesical therapy of bladder diseases","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01577-y","article-title":"Urease-powered nanobots for radionuclide bladder cancer therapy","volume":"19","author":"Sim\u00f3","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7180","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c09380","article-title":"Light-triggered mechanical disruption of extracellular barriers by swarms of enzyme-powered nanomotors for enhanced delivery","volume":"17","author":"Fraire","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0073","first-page":"54","article-title":"Bioinspired urease-powered micromotor as an active oral drug delivery carrier in stomach","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4659","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006451107","article-title":"The two mucus layers of colon are organized by the MUC2 mucin, whereas the outer layer is a legislator of host-microbial interactions","volume":"108","author":"Johansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Acta Biomaterialia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1742706125007287?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1742706125007287?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T15:58:03Z","timestamp":1773158283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1742706125007287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["S1742706125007287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-7061"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-7061","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gastrointestinal distribution of engineered biodegradable urease-powered nanomotors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Acta Biomaterialia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}