{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:23:26Z","timestamp":1791048206176,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Psychologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,17]],"date-time":"2008-07-17T00:02:09Z","timestamp":1216252929000},"page":"198-207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Aging preserves the ability to perceive 3D object shape from static but not deforming boundary contours"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"J. Farley","family":"Norman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley N.","family":"Bartholomew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cory L.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.10.4.650","article-title":"Age-related differences in the detection of three-dimensional surfaces from optic flow","volume":"10","author":"Andersen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychology & Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.10.026","article-title":"Aging and visual processing: Declines in spatial not temporal integration","volume":"48","author":"Andersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.02.016","article-title":"The effects of aging on orientation discrimination","volume":"47","author":"Betts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.94.2.115","article-title":"Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding","volume":"94","author":"Biederman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib5","first-page":"1162","article-title":"Recognizing depth-rotated objects: Evidence and conditions for three-dimensional viewpoint invariance","volume":"19","author":"Biederman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1037\/h0048140","article-title":"Depth perception in rotating dot patterns: Effects of numerosity and perspective","volume":"64","author":"Braunstein","year":"1962","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193450","article-title":"Sex differences in dynamic spatial ability: The unsolved question of performance factors","volume":"35","author":"Contreras","year":"2007","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03205987","article-title":"Recovery of 3D shape from deforming contours","volume":"49","author":"Cortese","year":"1991","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1068\/p5429","article-title":"The awakening of Attneave\u2019s sleeping cat: Identification of everyday objects on the basis of straight-line versions of outlines","volume":"37","author":"De Winter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2004.11.013","article-title":"Virtual navigation in humans: The impact of age, sex, and hormones on place learning","volume":"47","author":"Driscoll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hormones and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib11","series-title":"Computer graphics: Principles and practice","author":"Foley","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1126\/science.145.3630.356","article-title":"Binocular depth perception without familiarity cues","volume":"145","author":"Julesz","year":"1964","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1068\/p2971","article-title":"Recognizing silhouettes and shaded images across depth rotation","volume":"28","author":"Hayward","year":"1999","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2006.07.009","article-title":"Sex differences in mental rotation and spatial visualization ability: Can they be accounted for by differences in working memory capacity?","volume":"35","author":"Kaufman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib15","series-title":"A psychology of picture perception: Images and information","author":"Kennedy","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1068\/p030313","article-title":"The surrogate functions of lines in visual perception: Evidence from antipodal rock and cave artwork sources","volume":"3","author":"Kennedy","year":"1974","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1068\/p130321","article-title":"What does the occluding contour tell us about solid shape?","volume":"13","author":"Koenderink","year":"1984","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib18","series-title":"Solid shape","author":"Koenderink","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03205500","article-title":"Correspondence in pictorial space","volume":"59","author":"Koenderink","year":"1997","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1068\/p110129","article-title":"The shape of smooth objects and the way contours end","volume":"11","author":"Koenderink","year":"1982","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.2307\/1130467","article-title":"Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: A meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Linn","year":"1985","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib22","series-title":"Detection theory: A user\u2019s guide","author":"Macmillan","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-006-9155-y","article-title":"Gender and sexual orientation differences in cognition across adulthood: Age is kinder to women than to men regardless of sexual orientation","volume":"36","author":"Maylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1068\/p261231","article-title":"The effect of depth rotation on object identification","volume":"26","author":"Newell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.19.3.506","article-title":"Aging and the perception of depth and 3D shape from motion parallax","volume":"19","author":"Norman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193659","article-title":"Aging and the perception of 3D shape from dynamic patterns of binocular disparity","volume":"68","author":"Norman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1068\/p3111","article-title":"The effects of age upon the perception of depth and 3D shape from differential motion and binocular disparity","volume":"29","author":"Norman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1068\/p2994","article-title":"The perception and recognition of natural object shape from deforming and static shadows","volume":"29","author":"Norman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211632","article-title":"The detection of surface curvatures defined by optical motion","volume":"51","author":"Norman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194763","article-title":"The perception and discrimination of local 3D surface structure from deforming and disparate boundary contours","volume":"64","author":"Norman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1068\/p3478","article-title":"Aging and the perception of speed","volume":"32","author":"Norman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib32","first-page":"343","article-title":"Perception of rigid motion in depth from the optical deformations of shadows and occlusion boundaries","volume":"20","author":"Norman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00720.x","article-title":"Perception of three-dimensional shape from specular highlights, deformations of shading, and other types of visual information","volume":"15","author":"Norman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03213268","article-title":"The perception of surface orientation from multiple sources of optical information","volume":"57","author":"Norman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194450","article-title":"Aging and the perception of local surface orientation from optical patterns of shading and specular highlights","volume":"69","author":"Norman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1068\/p5516","article-title":"Identification of everyday objects on the basis of fragmented outline versions","volume":"37","author":"Panis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib37","first-page":"1481","article-title":"Perceptual localization of surface position","volume":"23","author":"Phillips","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211663","article-title":"Perceiving shape from profiles","volume":"55","author":"Pollick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.22.002269","article-title":"Psychophysical estimation of speed discrimination. II. Aging effects","volume":"22","author":"Raghuram","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi044","article-title":"Regional brain changes in aging healthy adults: General trends, individual differences and modifiers","volume":"15","author":"Raz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-08-03295.2003","article-title":"Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies of older adults: A shrinking brain","volume":"23","author":"Resnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1068\/p080125","article-title":"Motion parallax as an independent cue for depth perception","volume":"8","author":"Rogers","year":"1979","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/73957","article-title":"Degradation of stimulus selectivity of visual cortical cells in senescent rhesus monkeys","volume":"3","author":"Schmolesky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/42.3.342","article-title":"Speed and accuracy of mental image rotation in young and elderly adults","volume":"42","author":"Sharps","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3972.701","article-title":"Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects","volume":"171","author":"Shepard","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib46","series-title":"Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences","author":"Siegel","year":"1956"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.05.018","article-title":"Age and gender effects on human brain anatomy: A voxel-based morphometric study in healthy elderly","volume":"28","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1068\/p5399","article-title":"Motion perception in the ageing visual system: Minimum motion, motion coherence, and speed discrimination thresholds","volume":"35","author":"Snowden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/h0081655","article-title":"An investigation of sex differences in spatial ability: Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects","volume":"31","author":"Tapley","year":"1977","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00070-G","article-title":"Human efficiency for recognizing 3D objects in luminance noise","volume":"35","author":"Tjan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.01501007.x","article-title":"The perception of doubly curved surfaces from anisotropic textures","volume":"15","author":"Todd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.4.643","article-title":"Ordinal structure in the visual perception and cognition of smoothly curved surfaces","volume":"96","author":"Todd","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(01)00161-0","article-title":"Mental rotation versus invariant features in object perception from different viewpoints: An fMRI study","volume":"40","author":"Vanrie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1068\/p3200","article-title":"Multiple routes to object matching from different viewpoints: Mental rotation versus invariant features","volume":"30","author":"Vanrie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390591004310","article-title":"The relationship between computerized and paper-and-pencil mental rotation tasks: A validation study","volume":"28","author":"Voyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2004.05.003","article-title":"Gender differences on the mental rotations test: A factor analysis","volume":"117","author":"Voyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.2.250","article-title":"Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables","volume":"117","author":"Voyer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1068\/p5825","article-title":"Identification of everyday objects on the basis of silhouette and outline versions","volume":"37","author":"Wagemans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1838.0019","article-title":"Contributions to the physiology of vision -- Part the first. On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, phenomena of binocular vision","volume":"128","author":"Wheatstone","year":"1838","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib60","first-page":"1090","article-title":"Matching multicomponent objects from different viewpoints: Mental rotation as normalization?","volume":"27","author":"Willems","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2190\/BBJP-XKUG-C6EW-KYB7","article-title":"Cognitive abilities: Use of family data as a control to assess sex and age differences in two ethnic groups","volume":"6","author":"Wilson","year":"1975","journal-title":"International Journal of Aging and Human Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01066180","article-title":"Sex-linked major-gene influences on selected types of spatial performance","volume":"5","author":"Yen","year":"1975","journal-title":"Behavior Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.01.015","article-title":"Functional degradation of extrastriate visual cortex in senescent rhesus monkeys","volume":"140","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.032","article-title":"Haptic orientation perception: Sex differences and lateralization of functions","volume":"45","author":"Zuidhoek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"}],"container-title":["Acta Psychologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001691808000838?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001691808000838?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,12]],"date-time":"2019-05-12T17:56:43Z","timestamp":1557683803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001691808000838"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0001691808000838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.06.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-6918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-6918","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}}}