{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T07:24:19Z","timestamp":1774423459806,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,10]],"date-time":"2022-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011958","name":"Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011958","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004836","name":"Danish Council for Independent Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFF \u2013 7013-00039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFF \u2013 7013-00039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Psychologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T23:53:38Z","timestamp":1671580418000},"page":"103810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The effect of serifs and stroke contrast on low vision reading"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"232","author":[{"given":"Katsumi","family":"Minakata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Eckmann-Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toke","family":"Bek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"Beier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.06.013","article-title":"Serifs and font legibility","volume":"45","author":"Arditi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001","article-title":"Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal","volume":"68","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0015","series-title":"7.5: Reading: Letters, words, and their spatial-frequency content","author":"Beckmann","year":"1991"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0020","first-page":"64","article-title":"Letterform research: An academic orphan","volume":"50","author":"Beier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Visible Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0025","series-title":"Type Tricks: Your personal guide to type design","author":"Beier","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0030","series-title":"Type Tricks: Layout design","author":"Beier","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0035","article-title":"Numeral legibility and visual complexity","author":"Beier","year":"2018","journal-title":"DRS Design Research Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2022.103709","article-title":"Closed letter counters impair recognition","volume":"101","author":"Beier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Ergonomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0045","first-page":"51","article-title":"The effect of age and font on reading ability","volume":"53","author":"Beier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Visible Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2019.102904","article-title":"Smaller visual angles show greater benefit of letter boldness than larger visual angles","volume":"199","author":"Beier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2021.103499","article-title":"High letter stroke contrast impairs letter recognition of bold fonts","volume":"97","author":"Beier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Ergonomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1075\/idj.19033.bei","article-title":"Increased letter spacing and greater letter width improve reading acuity in low vision readers","volume":"26","author":"Beier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Information Design Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152506","article-title":"A new font, specifically designed for peripheral vision, improves peripheral letter and word recognition, but not eye-mediated reading performance","volume":"11","author":"Bernard","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/226177a0","article-title":"Interaction effects in parafoveal letter recognition","volume":"226","author":"Bouma","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.02.030","article-title":"Characterizing functional complaints in patients seeking outpatient low-vision services in the United States","volume":"121","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01","article-title":"Brms: An R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan","volume":"80","author":"B\u00fcrkner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0085","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stan: A probabilistic programming language","volume":"76","author":"Carpenter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Grantee Submission"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0090","series-title":"The origin of the serif: Brush writing & Roman letters","author":"Catich","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2018.10.012","article-title":"Bolder print does not increase reading speed in people with central vision loss","volume":"153","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2019.01.005","article-title":"Feature contingencies when reading letter strings","volume":"156","author":"Coates","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3141\/2624-01","article-title":"Empirical assessment of the legibility of the highway gothic and Clearview signage fonts","volume":"2624","author":"Dobres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0110","series-title":"Signs and symbols: Their design and meaning","author":"Frutiger","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0115","author":"Galvin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0120","series-title":"Microsoft Word accessibility reference","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0125","series-title":"APH guidelines for print document design","author":"Kitchel","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(85)90118-X","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading\u2014II.Low vision","volume":"25","author":"Legge","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.12.009","article-title":"Crowding\u2014An essential bottleneck for object recognition: A mini-review","volume":"48","author":"Levi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0140","series-title":"Detection theory: A user's guide","author":"Macmillan","year":"1991"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00045-7","article-title":"The role of spatial frequency channels in letter identification","volume":"42","author":"Majaj","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02767","article-title":"Indices of effect existence and significance in the Bayesian framework","volume":"10","author":"Makowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0155","series-title":"Modelbased: Estimation of model-based predictions, contrasts and means","author":"Makowski","year":"2020"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0160","first-page":"1492","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading. XV: Font effects in normal and low vision","volume":"37","author":"Mansfield","year":"1996","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0165","series-title":"The Thames and Hudson manual of typography","author":"McLean","year":"1980"},{"issue":"103623","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0170","article-title":"The dispute about sans serif versus serif fonts: An interaction between the variables of serif and stroke contrast","volume":"228","author":"Minakata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2187","article-title":"The uncrowded window of object recognition","volume":"11","author":"Pelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01250","article-title":"Applying the model-comparison approach to test specific research hypotheses in psychophysical research using the Palamedes toolbox","volume":"9","author":"Prins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0185","article-title":"Macular sensitivity and fixation patterns in patients with autosomal dominant optic atrophy","volume":"55","author":"R\u00f6nnb\u00e4ck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2006.00409.x","article-title":"The effect of font and line width on reading speed in people with mild to moderate vision loss","volume":"26","author":"Rubin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0195","author":"Russell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0200","series-title":"The cost of cool: Typographic style legibility in reading at a glance","first-page":"833","volume":"61","author":"Sawyer","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2016.02.002","article-title":"Painfree and accurate Bayesian estimation of psychometric functions for (potentially) overdispersed data","volume":"122","author":"Sch\u00fctt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.55.000541","article-title":"Temporal and spatial visual masking.I. Masking by impulse flashes","volume":"55","author":"Sperling","year":"1965","journal-title":"JOSA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0220","author":"Stan Modeling Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0225","series-title":"How people with low vision access computing devices: Understanding challenges and opportunities","first-page":"171","author":"Szpiro","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2012.09.017","article-title":"Courier: A better font for reading with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"48","author":"Tarita-Nistor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology\/Journal Canadien d\u2019Ophtalmologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0235","series-title":"Perceivability of map information for disaster situations for people with low vision","first-page":"342","author":"Tunold","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0240","series-title":"While you're reading","author":"Unger","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0245","author":"VisionAware"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1167\/17.3.10","article-title":"QUEST+: A general multidimensional Bayesian adaptive psychometric method","volume":"17","author":"Watson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202828","article-title":"Quest: A Bayesian adaptive psychometric method","volume":"33","author":"Watson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4182","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24334","article-title":"Fonts designed for macular degeneration: Impact on reading","volume":"59","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"}],"container-title":["Acta Psychologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001691822003250?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001691822003250?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T23:59:26Z","timestamp":1757548766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001691822003250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0001691822003250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-6918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-6918","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effect of serifs and stroke contrast on low vision reading","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Acta Psychologica","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103810","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103810"}}