{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T06:10:13Z","timestamp":1787897413399,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Psychologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T13:56:22Z","timestamp":1746712582000},"page":"105058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Which educational environment is better for college students' social-emotional competency development, public or private? An investigation of 100 Chinese universities"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"256","author":[{"given":"Zhaojun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s12564-012-9205-1","article-title":"A nationwide comparative study between private and public university students\u2019 soft skills","volume":"13","author":"Abdul Karim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Education Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.5.469","article-title":"Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties","volume":"55","author":"Arnett","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2307\/2112065","article-title":"The methodology of research on college impact","volume":"43","author":"Astin","year":"1970","journal-title":"Part One. Sociology of Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2011.01.009","article-title":"Lack of sleep and unethical conduct","volume":"115","author":"Barnes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/0729436930120107","article-title":"From theory to practice: A cognitive systems approach","volume":"12","author":"Biggs","year":"1993","journal-title":"Higher Education Research and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2006). The bioecological model of human development. In R. M. Lerner & W. Damon (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (pp. 793\u2013828). NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470147658.chpsy0114"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb5005","series-title":"Safe and sound: An educational leader\u2019s guide to evidence-based social and emotional learning (SEL) programs","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2023.102337","article-title":"The relationship between perceived school climate, academic engagement, and emotional competence among Chinese students: The moderating role of collectivism","volume":"106","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.32604\/ijmhp.2024.046863","article-title":"How emotion nurtures mentality: The influencing mechanism of social-emotional competency on the mental health of university students","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health Promotion"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0045","first-page":"544","article-title":"Theoretical model and scale development of college students\u2019 social-emotional competence","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Health Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0050","series-title":"Social and emotional skills for student success and well-being: Conceptual framework for the OECD study on social and emotional skills","author":"Chernyshenko","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13968","article-title":"The state of evidence for social and emotional learning: A contemporary meta-analysis of universal school-based SEL interventions","volume":"94","author":"Cipriano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025419851864","article-title":"The development of social and emotional competence at school: An integrated model","volume":"44","author":"Collie","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2017.12.001","article-title":"Effective universal school-based social and emotional learning programs for improving academic achievement: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 50\u00a0years of research","volume":"25","author":"Corcoran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1111\/ssqu.12702","article-title":"Does private schooling affect non-cognitive skills? International evidence based on test and survey effort on PISA","volume":"100","author":"DeAngelis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Social Science Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012897","article-title":"Age differences in the big five across the life span: Evidence from two national samples","volume":"23","author":"Donnellan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0085","first-page":"43","article-title":"Research on the construction and development of students\u2019 social emotional competencies from the perspective of relational being","volume":"39","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educational Research"},{"issue":"11\u221212","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000383","article-title":"What we know, and what we need to find out about universal, school-based social and emotional learning programs for children and adolescents: A review of meta-analyses and directions for future research","volume":"148","author":"Durlak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb5010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x","article-title":"The impact of enhancing students\u2019 social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions","volume":"82","author":"Durlak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb5015","series-title":"Promoting social and emotional learning: Guidelines for educators","author":"Elias","year":"1997"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764221996764","article-title":"The (unequal) interplay between cognitive and noncognitive skills in early educational attainment","volume":"65","author":"Gil-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Behavioral Scientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0100","article-title":"How social and emotional skills affect Chinese college student engagement in high-impact educational practices: A moderated mediation model","volume":"1-20","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Studies in Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1086\/504455","article-title":"The effects of cognitive and noncognitive abilities on labor market outcomes and social behavior","volume":"24","author":"Heckman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb5030","first-page":"5","article-title":"Value-added assessment in higher education: Origins, debates and reflections","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fudan Education Forum"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/0008125619863436","article-title":"The feeling economy: Managing in the next generation of artificial intelligence (AI)","volume":"61","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"California Management Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0115","first-page":"104","article-title":"On the advantages of non-government colleges and their display","volume":"2","author":"Jia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Research in Higher Education of Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6865","DOI":"10.35445\/alishlah.v14i4.2617","article-title":"Comparative studies of employability in higher education: Private university and public university","volume":"14","author":"Kadiyono","year":"2022","journal-title":"AL-ISHLAH Jurnal Pendidikan"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0125","first-page":"2","article-title":"Dispositional attributes: Cultivating essential 21st century competencies. Peking University","volume":"17","author":"Kuh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Education Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S400058","article-title":"Association between the big five and trait emotional intelligence among college students","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychology Research and Behavior Management"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0135","first-page":"103","article-title":"Can running schools by group promote the development of urban-rural students\u2019 non-cognitive skills?","volume":"42","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022102033003003","article-title":"A cultural model of learning: Chinese \u201cheart and mind for wanting to learn\u201d","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2025.102535","article-title":"Can leisure reading enhance college students\u2019 social emotional competencies: A large-scale empirical study","volume":"130","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1177\/08902070231174266","article-title":"Development of HEXACO personality traits and their relations with socioeconomic factors among Chinese adolescents: A three-wave longitudinal study","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Personality"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lcsi.2024.100824","article-title":"An empirical study of the effects of social-emotional competence on Chinese college students\u2019 interpersonal relationship circles from a relational theory perspective","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Learning, Culture and Social Interaction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2011.11.015","article-title":"The effects of attending selective college tiers in China","volume":"41","author":"Loyalka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Social Science Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20748","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47747-9","article-title":"Gender differences in empathy, compassion, and prosocial donations, but not theory of mind in a naturalistic social task","volume":"13","author":"McDonald","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11211-014-0228-0","article-title":"The unfulfillable promise of meritocracy: Three lessons and their implications for justice in education","volume":"29","author":"Mijs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Justice Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0175","author":"Ministry of Education of China"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0180","series-title":"The sixth bulletin of the seventh national population census: Educational attainment of the population","author":"National Bureau of Statistics of China","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/0305764X.2015.1125450","article-title":"Establishing systemic social and emotional learning approaches in schools: A framework for schoolwide implementation","volume":"46","author":"Oberle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cambridge Journal of Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0190","series-title":"Social and emotional skills for better lives: Findings from the OECD survey on social and emotional skills 2023","author":"OECD","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3102\/0091732X16673595","article-title":"Advancing the science and practice of social and emotional learning: Looking back and moving forward","volume":"40","author":"Osher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Review of Research in Education"},{"issue":"101355","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0200","article-title":"Emotional intelligence and academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Qu\u00edlez-Robres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68","article-title":"Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being","volume":"55","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s12646-011-0059-0","article-title":"Individual self, relational self, collective self: Hierarchical ordering of the tripartite self","volume":"56","author":"Sedikides","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychological Studies"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0215","first-page":"87","article-title":"Working in private universities does emotional intelligence matter for job effectiveness","volume":"3","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Accounting, Finance and Business"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/03050068.2023.2265280","article-title":"The effects of private schooling on pupil achievement: A global systemic analysis","volume":"60","author":"Shakeel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comparative Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-024-01942-7","article-title":"Effective components of social emotional learning programs: A meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/13639080.2021.1897545","article-title":"Of higher salaries and superior skills: Comparing the worth of public and private university education","volume":"34","author":"Soon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Education and Work"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0235","first-page":"96","article-title":"Dynamic evolution and ecosystem modeling of chinese children\u2019s moral emotional development: Based on three rounds of large-scale empirical surveys","volume":"43","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12864","article-title":"Promoting positive youth development through school-based social and emotional learning interventions: A meta-analysis of follow-up effects","volume":"88","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2004.02.007","article-title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of private education across countries: A comparison of methods","volume":"11","author":"Vandenberghe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Labour Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2024.102535","article-title":"Supporting students\u2019 basic needs is associated with better socio-emotional skills across cultures: A self-determination theory perspective","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12670","article-title":"Cooperative school climates are positively linked with socio-emotional skills: A cross-national study","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"The British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0260","article-title":"University students\u2019 socio-emotional skills: The role of the teaching and learning environment","volume":"1-18","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Studies in Higher Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0265","first-page":"76","article-title":"The collective frustration of \u201c985 waste\u201d and its transcendence: A psychological survey of the \u201cwaste\u201d of elite college students in predicament under the epidemic crisis","volume":"4","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Youth Study"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb5020","series-title":"Handbook of social and emotional learning: Research and practice","first-page":"3","article-title":"Social and emotional learning: Past, present, and future","author":"Weissberg","year":"2015"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb5025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/su142315867","article-title":"Sustainability of evaluation: The origin and development of value-added evaluation from the global perspective","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0270","first-page":"38","article-title":"A comparative study on the demand characteristics of undergraduate education service: Public versus private universities","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Researches on Higher Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0275","first-page":"45","article-title":"Parenting styles and the influence on college students\u2019 social-emotional ability: The mediating role of student-teacher interaction","volume":"4","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Education Research Monthly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0280","first-page":"29-32, 39","article-title":"The status, pros and cons and governance of private college collectivization","volume":"2","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Higher Education Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb0285","first-page":"2","article-title":"Education needs the power of the people","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Primary and Secondary School Principals"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058_bb5000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/10474410701413152","article-title":"Social and emotional learning: Promoting the development of all students","volume":"17","author":"Zins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Educational & Psychological Consultation"}],"container-title":["Acta Psychologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001691825003713?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001691825003713?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T13:49:52Z","timestamp":1758289792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001691825003713"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["S0001691825003713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-6918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-6918","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Which educational environment is better for college students' social-emotional competency development, public or private? An investigation of 100 Chinese universities","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Acta Psychologica","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105058","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105058"}}