{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:49:09Z","timestamp":1792590549816,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Psychologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:23:20Z","timestamp":1788366200000},"page":"107723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Bionic Reading in L2 academic contexts: An eye-tracking study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"270","author":[{"given":"Zhurui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeap.2024.101369","article-title":"Citation practices in applied linguistics: A comparative study of Korean master's theses and research articles","volume":"69","author":"Ahn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of English for Academic Purposes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.2009.01412.x","article-title":"The role of L1 and L2 working memory in literal and inferential comprehension in L2 reading","volume":"33","author":"Alptekin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Reading"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0015","first-page":"215","article-title":"Improving students reading proficiency using bionic method (a classroom action research at 10th grade students)","volume":"3","author":"Ariyani","year":"2023","journal-title":"JOEL: Journal of Educational and Language Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.12.014","article-title":"Working memory","volume":"20","author":"Baddeley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0025","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Reading spaced and unspaced Chinese text: Evidence from eye movements","volume":"34","author":"Bai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0030","author":"Bionic Reading"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1944-9720.2003.tb01930.x","article-title":"Beyond linguistic knowledge: Individual differences in second language reading","volume":"36","author":"Brantmeier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Foreign Language Annals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0040","series-title":"Understanding research in second language learning: A teacher\u2019s guide to statistics and research design","author":"Brown","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0045","first-page":"402","article-title":"The impact of bionic reading on the reading motivation and self-efficacy of students with learning disabilities","volume":"3","author":"Budomo","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/ijal.12466","article-title":"The roles of vocabulary knowledge and metacognitive awareness as mediators between prior knowledge and L2 academic reading","volume":"33","author":"Carcamo","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Linguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0055","series-title":"Designing and analyzing language tests","first-page":"281","author":"Carr","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2015.07.004","article-title":"Eye movements in reading and information processing: Keith Rayner\u2019s 40 year legacy","volume":"86","author":"Clifton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2307\/3587951","article-title":"A new academic word list","volume":"34","author":"Coxhead","year":"2000","journal-title":"TESOL Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.2.225","article-title":"Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control","volume":"111","author":"Derryberry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.277","article-title":"Reading text when studying in a second language: An eye-tracking study","volume":"55","author":"Dirix","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0080","series-title":"Does Bionic Reading actually work. We timed over 2,000 readers and the results might surprise you","author":"Doyon","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.38.1.4","article-title":"Language proficiency and reading ability in first-and second-language learners","volume":"38","author":"Droop","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0090","series-title":"Eye tracking methodology: Theory and practice","author":"Duchowski","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1545-7249.2007.tb00044.x","article-title":"Quality analysis of journals in TESOL and applied linguistics","volume":"41","author":"Egbert","year":"2007","journal-title":"TESOL Quarterly"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/0163853X.2020.1759175","article-title":"Relations between component reading skills, inferences, and comprehension performance in community college readers","volume":"57","author":"Feller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Discourse Processes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0102_2","article-title":"Development of reading efficiency in first and second language","volume":"1","author":"Geva","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2307\/3586977","article-title":"Current developments in second language reading research","volume":"25","author":"Grabe","year":"1991","journal-title":"TESOL Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0115","series-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis","author":"Hayes","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263100015370","article-title":"Comprehension processes in L2 reading: Language competence, textual coherence, and inferences","volume":"18","author":"Horiba","year":"1996","journal-title":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0125","series-title":"The mind\u2019s eye","first-page":"313","article-title":"Eye movement measures to study global text processing","author":"Hy\u00f6n\u00e4","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0130","first-page":"544","article-title":"Parafoveal processing of words and saccade computation during eye fixations in reading","volume":"15","author":"Inhoff","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.11.007","article-title":"Categorical data analysis: Away from ANOVAs (transformation or not) and towards logit mixed models","volume":"59","author":"Jaeger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/lang.12034","article-title":"L2 reading comprehension and its correlates: A meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Jeon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Language Learning"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8905","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-025-07800-4","article-title":"College students\u2019 mindsets and second-language academic text reading: An eye-movement study","volume":"44","author":"Jian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0150","series-title":"Eng-editor: An online Chinese text evaluation and adaptation system","author":"Jin","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2012.09.013","article-title":"The importance of the first and last letter in words during sentence reading","volume":"141","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0160","first-page":"209","article-title":"Transposed-letter effects in reading: Evidence from eye movements and parafoveal preview","volume":"33","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0165","first-page":"883","article-title":"Assessing the importance of letter pairs in initial, exterior, and interior positions in reading","volume":"29","author":"Jordan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.54","article-title":"Roles of attention shifting and inhibitory control in fourth-grade reading comprehension","volume":"48","author":"Kieffer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0175","series-title":"Insights into second language reading: A cross-linguistic approach","author":"Koda","year":"2005"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.5054\/tj.2011.274624","article-title":"Academic proficiency (language and content) and the role of strategies","volume":"2","author":"Krashen","year":"2011","journal-title":"TESOL Journal"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"LmerTest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models","volume":"82","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.1992.tb00025.x","article-title":"Reading in a foreign language: How does L2 lexical knowledge interact with the reader\u2019s general academic ability","volume":"15","author":"Laufer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Reading"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0195","series-title":"Making communicative language teaching happen","author":"Lee","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9922.2007.00408.x","article-title":"Learner-based factors in L2 reading comprehension and processing grammatical form: Topic familiarity and working memory","volume":"57","author":"Leeser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Language Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/7.2.9","article-title":"The case for the visual span as a sensory bottleneck in reading","volume":"7","author":"Legge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1989.tb02317.x","article-title":"Typographic influences on reading","volume":"80","author":"Lewis","year":"1989","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40468-020-00107-0","article-title":"Exploring the validity evidence of a high-stake, second language reading test: An eye-tracking study","volume":"10","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Language Testing in Asia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.1017\/sjp.2014.2","article-title":"Does bold emphasis facilitate the process of visual-word recognition?","volume":"17","author":"Macaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Spanish Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(88)90137-X","article-title":"Eye movement control during reading: I. The location of initial eye fixations on words","volume":"28","author":"McConkie","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0230","series-title":"Foreign language learning: Psycholinguistic studies on training and retention","first-page":"339","article-title":"Individual differences in second language proficiency: Working memory as language aptitude","author":"Miyake","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0235","series-title":"Foreign language learning: Psycholinguistic studies in training and retention","first-page":"259","article-title":"Highlighting important words leads to poorer comprehension","author":"Moravcsik","year":"1998"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/0163853X.2013.846964","article-title":"Allocation of limited cognitive resources during text comprehension in a second language","volume":"50","author":"Morishima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Discourse Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2017.04.015","article-title":"The role of age and proficiency in subtitle reading: An eye-tracking study","volume":"67","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2017","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0250","series-title":"Attention and performance XII","article-title":"Eye-movement strategy and tactics in word recognition and reading","author":"O\u2019Regan","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0255","series-title":"Beyond the hype: Does bionic reading live up to the expectations from the perspective of ADHD individuals? An EEG study","author":"Paleshnikova","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.15858\/engtea.67.4.201212.241","article-title":"Visual input enhancement, attention, grammar learning, & reading comprehension: An eye movement study","volume":"67","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"English Teaching"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0265","unstructured":"Parker, A.J., Wang, H., Lee, H., & Joseph, H. (In press). Does the selective bolding of characters within words improve reading performance in skilled adult readers? Evidence from eye movements. Royal Society Open Science. https:\/\/centaur.reading.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/130289."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263115000224","article-title":"Incidental L2 vocabulary acquisition from and while reading: An eye-tracking study","volume":"38","author":"Pellicer-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263120000091","article-title":"Young learners\u2019 processing of multimodal input and its impact on reading comprehension: An eye-tracking study","volume":"42","author":"Pellicer-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.05.009","article-title":"Space information is important for reading","volume":"49","author":"Perea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/1461445607087010","article-title":"Research article abstracts in applied linguistics and educational technology: A study of linguistic realizations of rhetorical structure and authorial stance","volume":"10","author":"Pho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Discourse Studies"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/09541440340000169","article-title":"The influence of parafoveal typographical errors on eye movements in reading","volume":"16","author":"Pynte","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9922.00193","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between vocabulary knowledge and academic reading performance: An assessment perspective","volume":"52","author":"Qian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Language Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.85.3.618","article-title":"Eye movements in reading and information processing","volume":"85","author":"Rayner","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1068\/p080021","article-title":"Eye guidance in reading: Fixation locations within words","volume":"8","author":"Rayner","year":"1979","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.3.372","article-title":"Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research","volume":"124","author":"Rayner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014300","article-title":"Eye movements and the perceptual span in older and younger readers","volume":"24","author":"Rayner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0320","series-title":"From eye to mind: Information Acquisition in Perception, search and Reading","article-title":"Do eye movements reflect higher order processes in reading?","author":"Rayner","year":"1990"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.3.448","article-title":"The effect of word frequency, word predictability, and font difficulty on the eye movements of young and older readers","volume":"21","author":"Rayner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/PBR.16.1.1","article-title":"Using EZ reader to model the effects of higher level language processing on eye movements during reading","volume":"16","author":"Reichle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0335","series-title":"The handbook of second language acquisition","first-page":"631","article-title":"Attention and memory during SLA","author":"Robinson","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.71.3.451","article-title":"Knowledge alters visual contrast sensitivity","volume":"71","author":"de la Rosa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9922.2007.00406.x","article-title":"The effect of frequency of input-enhancements on word learning and text comprehension","volume":"57","author":"Rott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Language Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-4906(03)00005-X","article-title":"Research articles in applied linguistics: Structures from a functional perspective","volume":"23","author":"Ruiying","year":"2004","journal-title":"English for Specific Purposes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728909990514","article-title":"What causes the bilingual disadvantage in verbal fluency? The dual-task analogy","volume":"13","author":"Sandoval","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0360","first-page":"31","article-title":"Improving the reading comprehension of senior high school students through bionic reading","volume":"4","author":"Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multidisciplinary International Journal of Research and Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2013.07.018","article-title":"Are all letters really processed equally and in parallel? Further evidence of a robust first letter advantage","volume":"144","author":"Scaltritti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1167\/2.9.7","article-title":"Predicting the readability of transparent text","volume":"2","author":"Scharff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195331","article-title":"Attention control and ability level in a complex cognitive skill: Attention shifting and second-language proficiency","volume":"33","author":"Segalowitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748608401609","article-title":"The relationship between eye movements and spatial attention","volume":"38","author":"Shepherd","year":"1986","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0385","series-title":"Investigating types of reading used by native and non-native English readers on academic reading: An eye tracking study (doctoral thesis)","author":"Sheraz","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/0267658310382068","article-title":"Adding more fuel to the fire: An eye-tracking study of idiom processing by native and non-native speakers","volume":"27","author":"Siyanova-Chanturia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Second Language Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2017.1310264","article-title":"Word skipping: Effects of word length, predictability, spelling and reading skill","volume":"71","author":"Slattery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-019-01742-3","article-title":"An eye-movement exploration into return-sweep targeting during reading","volume":"81","author":"Slattery","year":"2019","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104304","article-title":"No, bionic Reading does not work","volume":"247","author":"Snell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-025-03067-w","article-title":"To boldly go where no text has gone before: The effects of boldface letters on eye movements in reading","volume":"87","author":"Spear","year":"2025","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01619-3","article-title":"Eye movements during reading: Some current controversies","volume":"5","author":"Starr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17576\/3L-2020-2601-05","article-title":"Reading English academic texts: Evidence from ESL undergraduates\u2019 eye movement data","volume":"26","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2020","journal-title":"3L, The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.09.017","article-title":"Visual correlates of fixation selection: Effects of scale and time","volume":"45","author":"Tatler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728905002257","article-title":"Within-language attention control in second language processing","volume":"8","author":"Taube-Schiff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/002383099003300105","article-title":"Eye fixations predict reading comprehension: The relationships between reading skill, reading speed, and visual inspection","volume":"33","author":"Underwood","year":"1990","journal-title":"Language and Speech"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esp.2008.08.003","article-title":"Frequency analysis of the words in the academic word list (AWL) and non-AWL content words in applied linguistics research papers","volume":"28","author":"Vongpumivitch","year":"2009","journal-title":"English for Specific Purposes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/25.3.315","article-title":"Transfer of reading comprehension skills to L2 is linked to mental representations of text and to L2 working memory","volume":"25","author":"Walter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Applied Linguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0450","series-title":"Psycholinguistics and Reading. From process to practice","author":"Weaver","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0455","series-title":"WAIS-IV administration and scoring manual","author":"Wechsler","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4781.2012.01398.x","article-title":"Vocabulary and grammar knowledge in second language Reading comprehension: A structural equation modeling study","volume":"96","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Modern Language Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeap.2024.101398","article-title":"Saying verbs in applied linguistics research articles: At the interface of reportage and evaluation","volume":"70","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of English for Academic Purposes"}],"container-title":["Acta Psychologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001691826015246?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001691826015246?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:26:18Z","timestamp":1792589178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001691826015246"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["S0001691826015246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-6918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-6918","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bionic Reading in L2 academic contexts: An eye-tracking study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Acta Psychologica","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.107723","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107723"}}