{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:58:53Z","timestamp":1782979133283,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.es","elsevier.es","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr\u00e1ficas"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,21]],"date-time":"2014-01-21T21:49:01Z","timestamp":1390340941000},"page":"847-853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["La s\u00edfilis y la experimentaci\u00f3n en humanos: perspectiva hist\u00f3rica y reflexiones \u00e9ticas. De la Segunda Guerra Mundial a la actualidad"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Cuerda-Galindo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X.","family":"Sierra-Valenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/467645a","article-title":"A shocking discovery","volume":"467","author":"Semeniuk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c5494","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c5494","article-title":"President Obama apologises to Guatemala over 1940 syphilis study","volume":"341","author":"Tanne","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0015","unstructured":"Comisi\u00f3n presidencial para el esclarecimiento de los experimentos en humanos en Guatemala. Documento publicado por las autoridades guatemaltecas como resultado de la investigaci\u00f3n sobre los experimentos de s\u00edfilis en Guatemala. [consultado 22 Dic 2013]. Disponible en www.colmedegua.org\/download\/178\/"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/482148a","article-title":"Human experiments: First, do harm","volume":"482","author":"Walter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300543","article-title":"In the wake of Guatemala: The case for voluntary compensation and remediation","volume":"102","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1554","article-title":"Intentional infection of vulnerable populations in 1946-1948: Another tragic history lesson","volume":"304","author":"Frieden","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2011-100379","article-title":"The rights and wrongs of intentional exposure research: contextualising the Guatemala STD inoculation study","volume":"38","author":"Lynch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1017\/S0898030610000291","article-title":"Normal exposure and inoculation syphilis: A PHS Tuskegee doctor in Guatemala: 1946-1948","volume":"23","author":"Reverby","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Policy Hist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0045","unstructured":"Referencia del Center for Diseases Control sobre los experimentos de s\u00edfilis en Guatemala. [consultado 22 Dic 2013]. Disponible en http:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/1946inoculationstudy\/findings.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0050","first-page":"14","article-title":"Estudios serol\u00f3gicos y cl\u00ednicos con referencia a la s\u00edfilis en Guatemala, Centro Am\u00e9rica. Observaciones efectuadas en un grupo de ni\u00f1os en el puerto de San Jos\u00e9","author":"Funes","year":"1953","journal-title":"Bol Oficina Sanit Panam"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0055","first-page":"379","article-title":"Clinical and serologic studies with reference to syphilis in Guatemala Central America I. Studies of comparative performance of the Kahn, Kolmer, Mazzini, and VDRL slide tests as carried out in the national orphanage","volume":"36","author":"Levitan","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am J Syph Gonorrhea Vener Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0060","first-page":"533","article-title":"Studies on the comparative behavior of various serologic tests for syphilis ii. A report on an observed pattern of entrance into seroreactivity among patients with untreated primary syphilis","volume":"36","author":"Cutler","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am J Syph GonorrheaVener Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0065","unstructured":"Investigaci\u00f3n archiv\u00edstica sobre experimentos practicados en seres humanos en Guatemala 1947-1948. Documento sobre la investigaci\u00f3n realizada en los archivos sobre los experimentos de inoculaci\u00f3n de s\u00edfilis en Guatemala. [consultado 22 Dic 2013]. Disponible en www.colmedegua.org\/download\/177\/"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2011.05.001","article-title":"International human subject research: Taking stock in the wake of the Guatemala affair","volume":"32","author":"Adashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0075","first-page":"237","article-title":"Serologic problems (syphilis) in Central America","volume":"9","author":"Stout","year":"1951","journal-title":"J Venereal Dis Inf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0080","first-page":"566","article-title":"Clinical and serologic studies with reference to syphilis in Guatemala, Central America III. Studies of comparative performance of the Kahn, Kolmer, Mazzini, and VDRL slide tests among leprosy patients","volume":"36","author":"Portnoy","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am J Syp Gonorrhea Vener Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0085","unstructured":"Archivos de John Cutler. [consultado el 20 Mar 2013]. Disponible en: www.archives.gov\/research\/health\/cdc-cutler-records"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0090","first-page":"128","article-title":"Research in poor countries: The Guatemalan trials","volume":"8","author":"Onyemelukwe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Med Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/106461700246698","article-title":"President Clinton's apology for the Tuskegee syphilis experiment: A narrative of remembrance, redefinition, and reconciliation","volume":"11","author":"Harter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Howard J Comm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0100","unstructured":"Remarks by the President in apology for study done in Tuskegee. Press Release, the White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Washington. 16 May 1997."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0105","first-page":"1","article-title":"History of an apology: From Tuskegee to the White House","volume":"3","author":"Reverby","year":"1997","journal-title":"Res Nurse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10912-008-9053-5","article-title":"Narrative constructions of health care issues and policies: The case of President Clinton's apology-by-proxy for the Tuskegee syphilis experiment","volume":"29","author":"Carmack","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Humanit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.11.1773","article-title":"Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care","volume":"87","author":"Gamble","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Pub Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0120","unstructured":"Heller J. (1972-07-26). Syphilis victims in U.S. Study went untreated for 40 years; syphilis victims got no therapy. New York Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-12-04."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0125","unstructured":"Art\u00edculo de prensa sobre el experimento de Tuskegee. [consultado 22 Dic 2013]. Disponible en: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1997\/05\/12\/us\/families-emerge-as-silent-victims-of-tuskegee-syphilis-experiment.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2006.0126","article-title":"The Tuskegee Legacy Project: Willingness of minorities to participate in biomedical research","volume":"17","author":"Katz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0135","unstructured":"Principios \u00e9ticos y orientaciones para la protecci\u00f3n de sujetos humanos en la experimentaci\u00f3n. [consultado 21 Mar2013]. Disponible en: http:\/\/www.pcb.ub.edu\/bioeticaidret\/archivos\/norm\/InformeBelmont.pdf."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0140","first-page":"3","article-title":"The Oslo study of untreated syphilis: An epidemiologic investigation of the natural course of the syphilitic infection based upon a re-study of the Boeck-Bruusgaard material","volume":"35","author":"Gjestland","year":"1955","journal-title":"Acta DermVenereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0145","series-title":"Bad Blood The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. A Tragedy of Race and Medicine","author":"Jones","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0150","series-title":"Die experimentelle Chemotherapie der Spirillosen (Syphilis, R\u00fcckfallfieber, H\u00fchnerspirillose, Famb\u00f6sie)","author":"Ehrlich","year":"1910"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0155","series-title":"Enfermedades de transmisi\u00f3n sexual.","first-page":"1","article-title":"Historia de las enfermedades de transmisi\u00f3n sexual","author":"Sierra","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.81.11.1498","article-title":"The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 1932 to 1972: Implications for HIV Education and AIDS risk education program in the black community","volume":"81","author":"Thomas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Pub Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0165","unstructured":"Jean Heller (Associated Press). Syphilis Victims in the U.S. Study went untreated for 40 years. New York Times, July 26, 1972:1, 8."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.2307\/4588864","article-title":"Environmental factors in the Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis","volume":"69","author":"Olansky","year":"1954","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(55)90153-3","article-title":"Untreated syphilis in the male negro; background and current status of patients in the Tuskegee study","volume":"2","author":"Schuman","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1964.03860120104011","article-title":"The Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis; the 30th year of observation","volume":"114","author":"Rockwell","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(73)90089-1","article-title":"Aortic regurgitation in the Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis","volume":"26","author":"Caldwell","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1934.72750480006011","article-title":"The evaluation of serodiagnostic tests for syphilis in the United States","volume":"103","author":"Cumming","year":"1934","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1935.92760230004010","article-title":"The evaluation of serodiagnostic tests for syphilis in the United States. Report of results","volume":"104","author":"Cumming","year":"1935","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1936.02770370020006","article-title":"Untreated syphilis in the male negro. A comparative study of treated and untreated cases","volume":"107","author":"Vonderlehr","year":"1936","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0205","first-page":"56","article-title":"The Tuskegee syphilis experiment: Biotechnology and the administrative data","volume":"85","author":"Roy","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0210","first-page":"355","article-title":"Penicillin treatment of early syphilis: A preliminary report","volume":"24","author":"Mahoney","year":"1943","journal-title":"J Vener Dis Inf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0215","unstructured":"Qu\u00e9tel C. Le mal de Naples: Histoire de la syphilis. Paris: Ed. Seghers; 1986."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2011.03.016","article-title":"\u00c9tica e investigaci\u00f3n m\u00e9dica en humanos: perspectiva hist\u00f3rica","volume":"102","author":"Sierra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0230","unstructured":"Neitzel S, Welzer H. Soldados del tercer Reich. Barcelona: Ed. Cr\u00edtica; 2012. p. 15-39."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denny C, Grady C. Research involving women. En: Emmanuel EJ, Grady C, Crouch RA, Lie RK, Miller FG, Wendler D, editores. The Oxford textbook of clinical research ethics. Nueva York:Oxford University Press; 2008.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195168655.003.0039"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo B, Garan N. Research with ethnic and minority populations. En: Emmanuel EJ, Grady C, Crouch RA, Lie RK, Miller FG, Wendler D, editores. The Oxford textbook of clinical research ethics. Nueva York:Oxford University Press; 2008.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195168655.003.0040"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levine C. Research involving economically disadvantaged participants. En: Emmanuel EJ, Grady C, Crouch RA, Lie RK, Miller FG, Wendler D, editores. The Oxford textbook of clinical research ethics. Nueva York:Oxford University Press; 2008.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195168655.003.0041"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenstein DL, Miller FG. Research involving those at risk for impaired decision-making capacity. En: Ed. Emmanuel EJ, Grady C, Crouch RA, Lie RK, Miller FG, Wendler D, editores. The oxford textbook of clinical research ethics. Nueva York:Oxford University Press; 2008.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195168655.003.0042"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0255","unstructured":"Fleischman AR, Collogan LK. Reserach with children. En: Ed. Emmanuel EJ, Grady C, Crouch RA, Lie RK, Miller FG, Wendler D, editores. The Oxford textbook of clinical research ethics. Nueva York:Oxford University Press; 2008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonham VH, Moreno JD. Research with captive populations: prisoners, students and soldiers. En: Emmanuel EJ, Grady C, Crouch RA, Lie RK, Miller FG, Wendler D, editores. The Oxford textbook of clinical research ethics. Nueva York:Oxford University Press; 2008.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195168655.003.0044"}],"container-title":["Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr\u00e1ficas"],"original-title":[],"language":"es","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001731013004006?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001731013004006?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T01:03:23Z","timestamp":1757552603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001731013004006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0001731013004006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-7310"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-7310","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"La s\u00edfilis y la experimentaci\u00f3n en humanos: perspectiva hist\u00f3rica y reflexiones \u00e9ticas. De la Segunda Guerra Mundial a la actualidad","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr\u00e1ficas","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ad.2013.08.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Espa\u00f1a, S.L.U. and AEDV. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}