{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:49:18Z","timestamp":1782272958899,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.jp","jada.ada.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of the American Dental Association"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:36:56Z","timestamp":1782272216000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical performance of a flowable bulk-fill composite compared with highly viscous glass ionomer cement in class II restorations of primary molars"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5258-0754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina F.","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0580-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ola Abd","family":"El-Geleel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1125-4332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed N.M.","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6327-7910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagwa M.A.","family":"Khattab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520908533","article-title":"Global, regional, and national levels and trends in burden of oral conditions from 1990 to 2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study","volume":"99","author":"Bernabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12362","article-title":"WHO Global Consultation on Public Health Intervention Against Early Childhood Caries","volume":"46","author":"Phantumvanit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-360X.2015.00245.0","article-title":"Dentin comparison in primary and permanent molars under compound light microscopy: a study","volume":"8","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res J Pharm Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib4","series-title":"Pediatric Restorative Dentistry","first-page":"23","article-title":"Primary and permanent dentitions: characteristics and differences","author":"Costa","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1159\/000529160","article-title":"OXIS contacts and approximal caries in preschool children: a prospective cohort study","volume":"57","author":"Kirthiga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12346","article-title":"Restorations in primary teeth: a systematic review on survival and reasons for failures","volume":"28","author":"Chisini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-016-1848-6","article-title":"Evaluation of cavity wall adaptation of bulk esthetic materials to restore class II cavities in primary molars","volume":"21","author":"Gaintantzopoulou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.13181","article-title":"Could bulk fill glass hybrid restorative materials replace composite resins in treating permanent teeth? A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"36","author":"Uyumaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib9","author":"Sousa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2018-0678","article-title":"A randomized, prospective clinical study evaluating effectiveness of a bulk-fill composite resin, a conventional composite resin and a reinforced glass ionomer in Class II cavities: one-year results","volume":"27","author":"Balkaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12394","article-title":"Depth of cure of bulk fill resin composites: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Lima","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.13168","article-title":"Evaluation of mechanical, optical, and fluoride-releasing properties of a translucent bulk fill glass hybrid restorative dental material","volume":"36","author":"Moshaverinia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-010-0432-8","article-title":"FDI World Dental Federation: clinical criteria for the evaluation of direct and indirect restorations\u2014update and clinical examples","volume":"14","author":"Hickel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.4347","article-title":"CONSORT 2025 statement: updated guideline for reporting randomised trials","volume":"333","author":"Hopewell","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib15","first-page":"247","article-title":"One-year clinical performance of flowable bulk-fill composite vs conventional compomer restorations in primary molars","volume":"21","author":"Ehlers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Adhes Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib16","first-page":"150","article-title":"Should the parent remain with the child in the dental operatory?","volume":"29","author":"Frankl","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Dent Child"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib17","first-page":"79","article-title":"The American Dental Association Caries Classification System for clinical practice: a report of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs","volume":"146","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"JADA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1089","article-title":"International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS): a new concept","volume":"4","author":"Gugnani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12802","article-title":"One-year clinical evaluation of two high-viscosity glass-ionomer cements in class II restorations of primary molars","volume":"66","author":"Gok Baba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2017.10.007","article-title":"The use of FDI criteria in clinical trials on direct dental restorations: a scoping review","volume":"68","author":"Marquillier T, Dom\u00e9jean S, Le Clerc","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib21","series-title":"Prevention in Clinical Oral Health Care","first-page":"2","article-title":"Epidemiology of dental caries","author":"Shulman","year":"2008"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-021-00632-3","article-title":"Tooth-coloured materials for class II restorations in primary molars: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Siokis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Paediatr Dent"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib23","first-page":"522","article-title":"A randomized controlled clinical trial of glass carbomer restorations in Class II cavities in primary molars: 12-month results","volume":"50","author":"El-Housseiny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quintessence Int (Berl)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E32","DOI":"10.2341\/19-078-C","article-title":"A two-year clinical comparison of three different restorative materials in Class II cavities","volume":"45","author":"Balkaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oper Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib25","first-page":"107","article-title":"Marginal quality and wear of bulk-fill materials for Class-II restorations in primary molars","volume":"25","author":"Hofmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Adhes Dent"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2025.03.003","article-title":"Assessing the marginal seal of bioactive restorative materials in class II cavities with a bacterial penetration model","volume":"41","author":"Wuersching","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.34172\/ajdr.2021.02","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of microleakage in Class II cavity in primary molars restored with glass ionomer cement, zirconomer, and cention n using stereomicroscope: an in vitro study","volume":"13","author":"Patil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avicenna J Dent Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.943489","article-title":"Clinical performance of glass ionomer cement in load-bearing restorations: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Durrant","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-005-0018-z","article-title":"Reprint of criteria for the clinical evaluation of dental restorative materials","volume":"9","author":"Cvar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-024-00986-4","article-title":"Changes in optical properties of aesthetic paediatric restorative materials following exposure to beverages: in-vitro study","volume":"26","author":"Elkhatib","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Arch Paediatr Dent"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib30","first-page":"745","article-title":"SDR\u00ae vs traditional composite in class II restorations in primary molars","volume":"32","author":"Giannetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biol Regul Homeost Agents"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/23337931.2018.1497492","article-title":"Maturation processes in glass-ionomer dental cements","volume":"4","author":"Nicholson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater Odontol Scand"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04526-6","article-title":"Randomized prospective clinical trial of Class II restorations using flowable bulk-fill resin composites: 4-year follow-up","volume":"26","author":"Endo Hoshino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.22271\/oral.2020.v6.i4g.1098","article-title":"Clinical performance of Equia Forte, a glass hybrid GIC versus Tetric N Ceram, a bulk fill composite in class II carious primary molars: a 12 month split mouth clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Shagale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Appl Dent Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib34","first-page":"8","article-title":"Contemporary flowable bulk-fill resin-based composites: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Parra Gatica","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater Investig Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.51847\/nwWSG84ocz","article-title":"Evaluation of the strength of a novel bioactive hybrid glass restorative material","volume":"14","author":"Yeslam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biochem Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41432-023-00905-4","article-title":"The clinical performance of bulk-fill versus the incremental layered application of direct resin composite restorations: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Sengupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Evid Based Dent"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.13221","article-title":"Clinical comparison of high-viscosity glass-hybrid systems with a sculptable bulk-fill composite resin in different cavity types","volume":"36","author":"Atmaca","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5136","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21145136","article-title":"Bulk fill composites have similar performance to conventional dental composites","volume":"21","author":"Haugen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03814-1","article-title":"In vitro remineralization of adjacent interproximal enamel carious lesions in primary molars using a bioactive bulk-fill composite","volume":"24","author":"Phyo","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.21608\/edj.2018.78087","article-title":"Postoperative sensitivity and clinical evaluation of posterior composite restorations in medium and deep cavities placed using two insertion techniques (two-years-randomized clinical study)","volume":"64","author":"Ragab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt Dent J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_218_18","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of postoperative sensitivity in bulk fill restoratives: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Hirani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2341\/13-239-C","article-title":"Four-year randomized clinical trial to evaluate the clinical performance of a glass ionomer restorative system","volume":"40","author":"Gurgan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oper Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05491-y","article-title":"Clinical performance of a glass-hybrid system in comparison with a resin composite in two-surface Class II restorations: a 5-year randomised multi-centre study","volume":"28","author":"Mileti\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.13000","article-title":"Five-year randomized clinical trial to evaluate the clinical performance of high-viscosity glass ionomer restorative systems in small Class II restorations","volume":"35","author":"Wafaie","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05965-z","article-title":"Five-year survival of Class II restorations with and without base bulk-fill composite: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Leinonen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"}],"container-title":["The Journal of the American Dental Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002817726002357?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002817726002357?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:37:01Z","timestamp":1782272221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002817726002357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0002817726002357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-8177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-8177","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinical performance of a flowable bulk-fill composite compared with highly viscous glass ionomer cement in class II restorations of primary molars","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of the American Dental Association","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adaj.2026.03.026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 American Dental Association. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}