{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:25:38Z","timestamp":1790832338179,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]],"date-time":"2008-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1225497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]],"date-time":"2008-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1225497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000245","name":"Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000245","name":"Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62980"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addictive Behaviors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,4]],"date-time":"2008-06-04T12:16:18Z","timestamp":1212581778000},"page":"1491-1499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Adolescents' self-defined tobacco use status, marijuana use, and tobacco dependence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Chizimuzo T.C.","family":"Okoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris G.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela A.","family":"Ratner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy L.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01399.x","article-title":"The genetic epidemiology of cannabis use, abuse and dependence","volume":"101","author":"Agrawal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib2","first-page":"201","article-title":"Epidemiologic analysis of alcohol and tobacco use","volume":"24","author":"Anthony","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol Research & Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.766","article-title":"Patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use in drug using university students","volume":"21","author":"Barrett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579499002370","article-title":"The onset of marijuana use from preadolescence and early adolescence to young adulthood","volume":"11","author":"Brook","year":"1999","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490600996363","article-title":"Personality risk factors associated with trajectories of tobacco use","volume":"15","author":"Brook","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal on Addictions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.16.3.260","article-title":"Use of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire for measuring nicotine dependence among adolescent smokers in China: A pilot test","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.28.4.9","article-title":"Defining cigarette smoking status in young adults: A comparison of adolescent vs adult measures","volume":"28","author":"Delnevo","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Health Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.7.704","article-title":"Symptoms of tobacco dependence after brief intermittent use: The Development and Assessment of Nicotine Dependence in Youth-2 Study","volume":"161","author":"DiFranza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.4.397","article-title":"Measuring the loss of autonomy over nicotine use in adolescents: The DANDY (Development and Assessment of Nicotine Dependence in Youths) study","volume":"156","author":"DiFranza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080601026001","article-title":"Measuring alcohol use: \u201cQuantity frequency variability\u201d and \u201cweekly recall\u201d compared among Turks and Moroccans in the Netherlands","volume":"41","author":"Dotinga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.60.5.705","article-title":"Relationship between drug use and other problem behaviors in urban adolescents","volume":"60","author":"Farrell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00066-2","article-title":"Marijuana use and cessation of tobacco smoking in adults from a community sample","volume":"67","author":"Ford","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib13","series-title":"Smoking prevalence 1999\u20132006","author":"Health Canada","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib14","first-page":"279","article-title":"Involvement of tobacco in alcoholism and illicit drug use","volume":"85","author":"Henningfield","year":"1990","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02072.x","article-title":"Trajectories of concurrent substance use disorders: A developmental, typological approach to comorbidity","volume":"24","author":"Jackson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00150-8","article-title":"Tobacco dependence: Adolescents' perspectives on the need to smoke","volume":"56","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.10102","article-title":"Smoking and adolescence: Narratives of identity","volume":"26","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Research in Nursing & Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.07.006","article-title":"Development of a multidimensional measure of tobacco dependence in adolescence","volume":"30","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01538684","article-title":"Antecedents of adolescent initiation into stages of drug use: A developmental analysis","volume":"7","author":"Kandel","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib20","first-page":"361","article-title":"Alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use patterns among youth in Canada","volume":"19","author":"Leatherdale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Causes and Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib21","first-page":"391","article-title":"Marijuana and tobacco use among young adults in Canada: Are they smoking what we think they are smoking?","volume":"18","author":"Leatherdale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Causes and Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03405612","article-title":"Are the recommended taxonomies for the stages of youth smoking onset consistent with youth's perceptions of their smoking status?","volume":"97","author":"Leatherdale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00402","article-title":"The origins of the correlations between tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use during adolescence","volume":"39","author":"Lynskey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Supp. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00165-9","article-title":"Stages in the development of adolescent smoking","volume":"59","author":"Mayhew","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib25","first-page":"201","article-title":"Inhalation studies with drugs of abuse","volume":"173","author":"Meng","year":"1997","journal-title":"NIDA Research Monograph"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(01)00312-X","article-title":"Reliability of selected measures of nicotine dependence among adolescents","volume":"12","author":"O'Loughlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okoli, C. T. C., Richardson, C. G., Ratner, P. A., & Johnson, J. L. (2008). An examination of the smoking identities and taxonomies of smoking behaviour of youth. Tobacco Control, 17, 151-158.","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2007.021683"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01220.x","article-title":"Reverse gateways? Frequent cannabis use as a predictor of tobacco initiation and nicotine dependence","volume":"100","author":"Patton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(98)00132-4","article-title":"Validation of the modified Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire with salivary cotinine among adolescents","volume":"25","author":"Prokhorov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2000.tb00523.x","article-title":"Cannabis use among Australian adolescents: Findings of the 1998 national drug strategy household survey","volume":"24","author":"Reid","year":"2000","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.11.002","article-title":"Validation of the Dimensions of Tobacco Dependence Scale for adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Richardson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1300\/J465v25n02_06","article-title":"Cigarette smoking among marijuana users in the United States","volume":"25","author":"Richter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Substance Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/0743558403254782","article-title":"Adolescents discriminate between types of smokers and related risks: Evidence from nonsmokers","volume":"18","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-5","article-title":"Frequency, course and correlates of alcohol use from adolescence to young adulthood in a Swiss community survey","volume":"8","author":"Steinhausen","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.10.1.16","article-title":"Favourite movie stars, their tobacco use in contemporary movies, and its association with adolescent smoking","volume":"10","author":"Tickle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.005","article-title":"Progression from marijuana use to daily smoking and nicotine dependence in a national sample of U.S. adolescents","volume":"88","author":"Timberlake","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib37","unstructured":"Tu, A. W., Ratner, P. A., & Johnson, J.L. (in press). Gender differences in the correlates of adolescents' cannabis use. Substance Use & Misuse."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2003.08.002","article-title":"Liability to substance use disorders: 1. Common mechanisms and manifestations","volume":"27","author":"Vanyukov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.10.918","article-title":"Into the world of illegal drug use: Exposure opportunity and other mechanisms linking the use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine","volume":"155","author":"Wagner","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2003.005595","article-title":"Short term patterns of early smoking acquisition","volume":"13","author":"Wellman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"}],"container-title":["Addictive Behaviors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306460308001512?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306460308001512?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T18:31:25Z","timestamp":1759689085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306460308001512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0306460308001512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4603"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4603","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adolescents' self-defined tobacco use status, marijuana use, and tobacco dependence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Addictive Behaviors","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}