{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:40:47Z","timestamp":1791985247272,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]],"date-time":"2010-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272672000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Addictive Behaviors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,22]],"date-time":"2009-12-22T09:08:18Z","timestamp":1261472898000},"page":"373-382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["A systematic review of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual diagnostic criteria for nicotine dependence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"DiFranza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.W. Sanouri","family":"Ursprung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9atrice","family":"Lauzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Bancej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Wellman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Ziedonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun S.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Gervais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Meltzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen E.","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"O'Loughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chizimuzo T.C.","family":"Okoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa R.","family":"Fortuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mich\u00e8le","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200801978672","article-title":"Correlates of cigarette smoking during pregnancy and its genetic and environmental overlap with nicotine dependence","volume":"10","author":"Agrawal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib3","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib4","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib5","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib6","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"issue":"10 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with nicotine dependence. American psychiatric association","volume":"153","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(93)80004-X","article-title":"Smoking and nicotine dependence in young adults: Differences between blacks and whites","volume":"32","author":"Andreski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4543(05)70120-2","article-title":"Nicotine addiction","volume":"26","author":"Benowitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Primary Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02196920","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity of smoking and nicotine dependence","volume":"25","author":"Breslau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behavior Genetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(93)90054-T","article-title":"Early smoking initiation and nicotine dependence in a cohort of young adults","volume":"33","author":"Breslau","year":"1993","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00960.x","article-title":"DSM-III-R nicotine dependence in young adults: Prevalence, correlates and associated psychiatric disorders","volume":"89","author":"Breslau","year":"1994","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.7.1122","article-title":"Predicting smoking cessation and major depression in nicotine-dependent smokers","volume":"90","author":"Breslau","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health HIV\/AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.2.214","article-title":"Smoking cessation in young adults: Age at initiation of cigarette smoking and other suspected influences","volume":"86","author":"Breslau","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.017","article-title":"The nicotine dependence syndrome scale in Finnish smokers","volume":"89","author":"Broms","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.10.010","article-title":"Smoking predicts suicidality: Findings from a prospective community study","volume":"108","author":"Bronisch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib17","first-page":"303","article-title":"A version of DSM-IV criteria adapted for adolescents and applied to young smokers","volume":"39","author":"Clemente Jimenez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Archivos De Bronconeumologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020722915204","article-title":"Assessment of nicotine dependence among substance abusing adolescent smokers: A comparison of the DSM-IV criteria and the modified Fagerstr\u00f6m tolerance questionnaire","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00163-5","article-title":"Measuring nicotine dependence among youth: A review of available approaches and instruments","volume":"59","author":"Colby","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug & Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00163-5","article-title":"Measuring nicotine dependence among youth: A review of available approaches and instruments","volume":"59","author":"Colby","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02082.x","article-title":"Comparing DSM-III-R and ICD-10 substance use disorders","volume":"88","author":"Cottler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib22","first-page":"380","article-title":"Diagnostic agreement between DSM-III and DSM-III-R dependence disorders","volume":"95","author":"Cottler","year":"1989","journal-title":"NIDA Research Monograph"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(91)90018-T","article-title":"Agreement between DSM-III and III-R substance use disorders","volume":"29","author":"Cottler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03060.x","article-title":"The reliability of the CIDI-SAM: A comprehensive substance abuse interview","volume":"84","author":"Cottler","year":"1989","journal-title":"British Journal of Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(94)01091-X","article-title":"The DSM-IV field trial for substance use disorders: Major results","volume":"38","author":"Cottler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.05.025","article-title":"The association between cigarette smoking and DSM-IV nicotine dependence among first year college students","volume":"86","author":"Dierker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug & Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.05.025","article-title":"The association between cigarette smoking and DSM-IV nicotine dependence among first year college students","volume":"86","author":"Dierker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200802097589","article-title":"Time to re-examine old definitions of nicotine dependence","volume":"10","author":"DiFranza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.7.704","article-title":"Symptoms of tobacco dependence after brief intermittent use\u2014the development and assessment of nicotine dependence in youth-2","volume":"16","author":"DiFranza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.11.3.228","article-title":"Development of symptoms of tobacco dependence in youths: 30month follow up data from the dandy study","volume":"11","author":"DiFranza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.04.011","article-title":"The latency to the onset of nicotine withdrawal: A test of the sensitization-homeostasis theory","volume":"33","author":"DiFranza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2009.03.009","article-title":"New insights into the compulsion to use tobacco from an adolescent case series","volume":"33","author":"DiFranza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.019","article-title":"The absence of DSM-IV nicotine dependence in moderate-to-heavy daily smokers","volume":"89","author":"Donny","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.015","article-title":"A comparison of the content-, construct- and predictive validity of the cigarette dependence scale and the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence","volume":"77","author":"Etter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200412331328501","article-title":"A self-administered questionnaire to measure cigarette withdrawal symptoms: The cigarette withdrawal scale","volume":"7","author":"Etter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01289.x","article-title":"A comparison of the psychometric properties of three cigarette withdrawal scales","volume":"101","author":"Etter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction (Abingdon, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0497-x","article-title":"The relationship between level of cigarette consumption and latency to the onset of retrospectively reported withdrawal symptoms","volume":"188","author":"Fernando","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(92)90042-T","article-title":"Predictors of smoking relapse among self-quitters: A report from the normative aging study","volume":"17","author":"Garvey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.7.4.427","article-title":"EEG, physiology, and task-related mood fail to resolve across 31days of smoking abstinence: Relations to depressive traits, nicotine exposure, and dependence","volume":"7","author":"Gilbert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200802023874","article-title":"Taxometric investigation of the latent structure of nicotine dependence: An epidemiological sample","volume":"10","author":"Ginestet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00736.x","article-title":"Measures and models of nicotine dependence: Positive reinforcement","volume":"99","author":"Glautier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nicotine dependence and mental disorders among adults in the USA: Evaluating the role of the mode of administration","author":"Goodwin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00070-X","article-title":"The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-IV (AUDADIS-IV): Reliability of alcohol consumption, tobacco use, family history of depression and psychiatric diagnostic modules in a general population sample","volume":"71","author":"Grant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200801901922","article-title":"Older versus younger treatment-seeking smokers: Differences in smoking behavior, drug and alcohol use, and psychosocial and physical functioning","volume":"10","author":"Hall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(01)00147-1","article-title":"Epidemiological studies of tobacco smoking and dependence in Japan","volume":"24","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02232.x","article-title":"Evaluating the validities of different DSM-IV-based conceptual constructs of tobacco dependence","volume":"103","author":"Hendricks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2005.06.003","article-title":"Craving and other characteristics of the comorbidity of alcohol and nicotine dependence","volume":"20","author":"Hertling","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00887.x","article-title":"How prevalent is smoking and nicotine dependence in primary care in Germany?","volume":"99","author":"Hoch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib49","series-title":"DSM-IV sourcebook","first-page":"109","article-title":"Nicotine withdrawal, dependence, and abuse","author":"Hughes","year":"1998"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01588.x","article-title":"Should criteria for drug dependence differ across drugs?","volume":"101","author":"Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200701188919","article-title":"Effects of abstinence from tobacco: Valid symptoms and time course","volume":"9","author":"Hughes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.2.205","article-title":"Prevalence of tobacco dependence and withdrawal","volume":"144","author":"Hughes","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.004","article-title":"Prevalence of DSM\/ICD-defined nicotine dependence","volume":"85","author":"Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.02.031","article-title":"Concordance of different measures of nicotine dependence: Two pilot studies","volume":"29","author":"Hughes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200310001656894","article-title":"Misuse of and dependence on over-the-counter nicotine gum in a volunteer sample","volume":"6","author":"Hughes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00136-4","article-title":"Alcohol and tobacco use disorders in a general population: Short-term and long-term associations from the St. Louis epidemiological catchment area study","volume":"71","author":"Jackson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/14.2.182","article-title":"Nicotine dependence and lifetime amount of smoking in a population sample","volume":"14","author":"John","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2003.11.003","article-title":"Nicotine dependence, quit attempts, and quitting among smokers in a regional population sample from a country with a high prevalence of tobacco smoking","volume":"38","author":"John","year":"2004","journal-title":"Preventive medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n0205","article-title":"Depressive disorders are related to nicotine dependence in the population but do not necessarily hamper smoking cessation","volume":"65","author":"John","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of clinical psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.07.011","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity including nicotine dependence among individuals with eating disorder criteria in an adult general population sample","volume":"14","author":"John","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2008.03.002","article-title":"Nicotine dependence criteria and nicotine withdrawal symptoms in relation to pain among an adult general population sample","volume":"13","author":"John","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v24n01_08","article-title":"Consistency or change in nicotine dependence according to the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence over three years in a population sample","volume":"24","author":"John","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Addictive Disease"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1996.tb02315.x","article-title":"The latent dimensionality of DIS\/DSM-III-R nicotine dependence: Exploratory analyses","volume":"91","author":"Johnson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00211.x","article-title":"Persistence of cigarette smoking: Familial liability and the role of nicotine dependence","volume":"97","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.04.011","article-title":"On the development of nicotine dependence in adolescence","volume":"91","author":"Kandel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug & Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.04.011","article-title":"On the development of nicotine dependence in adolescence","volume":"91","author":"Kandel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(01)00126-0","article-title":"Comorbidity between patterns of substance use dependence and psychiatric syndromes","volume":"64","author":"Kandel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsi027","article-title":"On the measurement of nicotine dependence in adolescence: Comparisons of the MFTQ and a DSM-IV-based scale","volume":"30","author":"Kandel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(98)00127-0","article-title":"Development of a screening questionnaire for tobacco\/nicotine dependence according to ICD-10, DSM-III-R, and DSM-IV","volume":"24","author":"Kawakami","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.93710237.x","article-title":"Life-time prevalence and risk factors of tobacco\/nicotine dependence in male ever-smokers in Japan","volume":"93","author":"Kawakami","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(01)00651-7","article-title":"Neurobiology of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Kenny","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3180303eb8","article-title":"Smoking and suicidal behaviors in the national comorbidity survey: Replication","volume":"195","author":"Kessler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.11.1258","article-title":"A twin registry study of the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and nicotine dependence in men","volume":"62","author":"Koenen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1159\/000018922","article-title":"Structure, content and reliability of the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI) substance use sections","volume":"4","author":"Lachner","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Addictive Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199004000-00004","article-title":"Psychiatric epidemiology in Korea. Part I: Gender and age differences in Seoul","volume":"178","author":"Lee","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseas"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703001582","article-title":"Defining nicotine dependence for genetic research: Evidence from Australian twins","volume":"34","author":"Lessov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00679.x","article-title":"Screening for nicotine dependence among smoking-related cancer patients","volume":"90","author":"Mikami","year":"1999","journal-title":"Japanese Journal Of Cancer Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)00143-5","article-title":"Concordance between DSM-III-R and DSM-IV diagnoses of substance use disorders in adolescents","volume":"61","author":"Mikulich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(00)00171-4","article-title":"The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence and the diagnostic interview schedule: Do they diagnose the same smokers?","volume":"27","author":"Moolchan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.03.026","article-title":"Item response mixture modeling: Application to tobacco dependence criteria","volume":"31","author":"Muthen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib81","series-title":"Dsm-iv sourcebook","first-page":"33","article-title":"Psychoactive substance dependence","author":"Nathan","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1159\/000018929","article-title":"Smoking and nicotine dependence. Results from a sample of 14- to 24-year-olds in Germany","volume":"4","author":"Nelson","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Addiction Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2004.010512","article-title":"Tobacco industry influence on the definition of tobacco related disorders by the American psychiatric association","volume":"14","author":"Neuman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(03)00198-3","article-title":"Nicotine-dependence symptoms are associated with smoking frequency in adolescents","volume":"25","author":"O'Loughlin","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.128629","article-title":"Milestones in the process of cessation among novice adolescent smokers","volume":"99","author":"O'Loughlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.2.152","article-title":"Nicotine metabolism and intake in black and white smokers","volume":"280","author":"Perez-Stable","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706007495","article-title":"Genetic analyses of DSM-IV nicotine withdrawal in adult twins","volume":"36","author":"Pergadia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)38826-3","article-title":"Dissociation of nicotine tolerance from tobacco dependence in humans","volume":"296","author":"Perkins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200600672765","article-title":"Assessing tobacco dependence: A guide to measure evaluation and selection","volume":"8","author":"Piper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200802097563","article-title":"Assessing dimensions of nicotine dependence: An evaluation of the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS) and the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM)","volume":"10","author":"Piper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(01)00304-9","article-title":"Prevalence of smoking in psychiatric patients","volume":"26","author":"Poirier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200050147547","article-title":"Who gets what symptom? Effects of psychiatric cofactors and nicotine dependence on patterns of smoking withdrawal symptomatology","volume":"2","author":"Pomerleau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700049151","article-title":"Validity of the diagnostic interview schedule, version II: DSM-III diagnoses","volume":"12","author":"Robins","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01589.x","article-title":"Substance dependence and non-dependence in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD): Can an identical conceptualization be achieved?","volume":"101","author":"Saunders","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.9.1670","article-title":"Disabilities, quality of life, and mental disorders associated with smoking and nicotine dependence","volume":"160","author":"Schmitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000070983","article-title":"Prevalence, characteristics, associated mental disorders and predictors of DSM-IV nicotine dependence","volume":"10","author":"Schumann","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Addiction Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.12.002","article-title":"Diminished autonomy over tobacco can appear after the first cigarette","volume":"33","author":"Scragg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.12.009","article-title":"Validation of the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS): A criterion-group design contrasting chippers and regular smokers","volume":"79","author":"Shiffman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug & Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/13556219872038","article-title":"Nicotine dependency of a girl at the age of 18months","volume":"3","author":"Sir","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addiction Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.07.005","article-title":"Predictive validity of four nicotine dependence measures in a college sample","volume":"87","author":"Sledjeski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib101","series-title":"The dictionary of disorder","author":"Spiegel","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(95)00019-9","article-title":"DSM-III-R tobacco dependence and quitting during late adolescence","volume":"20","author":"Stanton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200410001696493","article-title":"Empirically derived latent classes of tobacco dependence syndromes observed in recent-onset tobacco smokers: Epidemiological evidence from a national probability sample survey","volume":"6","author":"Storr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib104","series-title":"Health measurement scales a practical guide to their development and use","author":"Streiner","year":"2003"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220031000158609","article-title":"Nicotine dependence measures among adolescents with psychiatric disorders: Evaluating symptom expression as a function of dependence severity","volume":"5","author":"Strong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00201-1","article-title":"Finding order in the DSM-IV nicotine dependence syndrome: A Rasch analysis","volume":"72","author":"Strong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(95)00070-4","article-title":"Abstinence effects as predictors of 28-day relapse in smokers","volume":"21","author":"Swan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.12.022","article-title":"Smoking, drugs, and other behavioral health problems among multiethnic adolescents in the NHSDA","volume":"32","author":"Vega","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.05.043","article-title":"Tobacco chippers report diminished autonomy over tobacco use","volume":"31","author":"Wellman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib110","unstructured":"West, R. (2005, 2006). Understanding nicotine and tobacco addiction. Paper presented at the Symposium on Understanding Nicotine and Tobacco, Addiction, Chichester, UK; Hoboken, NJ."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb03144.x","article-title":"Severity of dependence: Data from the DSM-IV field trials","volume":"88","author":"Woody","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib112","series-title":"International classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th rev","year":"1992"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704003289","article-title":"Latent class typology of nicotine withdrawal: Genetic contributions and association with failed smoking cessation and psychiatric disorders","volume":"35","author":"Xian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological medicine"}],"container-title":["Addictive Behaviors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306460309003402?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306460309003402?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T23:19:11Z","timestamp":1739488751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306460309003402"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0306460309003402"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4603"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4603","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}}}