{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T23:42:40Z","timestamp":1789342960136,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addictive Behaviors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T20:21:48Z","timestamp":1576614108000},"page":"106257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Enhancing the utility of the problem gambling severity index in clinical settings: Identifying refined categories within the problem gambling category"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"SS.","family":"Merkouris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Oakes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Rodda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Lubman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"NA.","family":"Dowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-016-9648-0","article-title":"Self-reported losses versus actual losses in onling gambling: An empirical study","volume":"33","author":"Auer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0716-2","article-title":"Simple construct evaluation with latent class analysis: An investigation of Facebook addiction and the development of a short form of the Facebook Addiction Test (F-AT)","volume":"48","author":"Dantlgraber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/0081246314522367","article-title":"Criterion-related and construct validity of the Problem Gambling Severity Index in a sample of South African gamblers","volume":"44","author":"Dellis","year":"2014","journal-title":"South African Journal of Psychology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0020","unstructured":"Dowling NA, Merkouris SS, Rodda S, Smith D, Lavis T, Lubman D, et al. Development and evaluation of an online gambling self-directed program: Effective integration into existing services. Melbourne: Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation; 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0025","article-title":"Problem Gambling and Family Violence: Factors Associated With Family Violence Victimization and Perpetration in Treatment-Seeking Gamblers","author":"Dowling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0030","unstructured":"Ferris J, Wynne H. The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final report. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse; 2001."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.4.547","article-title":"Introduction to the special section on stepped care models in psychotherapy","volume":"68","author":"Haaga","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0040","unstructured":"Hing N, Russell A, Nuske E, Gainsbury S. The stigma of problem gambling: Causes, characteristics and consequences. Victoria, Australia: Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation; 2015."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-004-1917-7","article-title":"Implications of a brief intervention trial for problem gambling for future outcome research","volume":"21","author":"Hodgins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.11.008","article-title":"The Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale (G-SAS): A reliability and validity study","volume":"166","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033810","article-title":"Breadth and depth involvement: Understanding Internet gambling involvement and its relationship to gambling problems","volume":"28","author":"LaPlante","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.9.1184","article-title":"The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers","volume":"144","author":"Lesieur","year":"1987","journal-title":"The American journal of psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Little TD. The Oxford handbook of quantitative methods: Statistical Analyses (Vol. 2). USA: Oxford University Press; 2014.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199934874.001.0001"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324818ame0202_3","article-title":"A comparative study of standard-setting methods","volume":"2","author":"Livingston","year":"1989","journal-title":"Applied Measurement in Education."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marotta JJ. Oregon's Problem Gambling Services: Public health orientation in a stepped-care approach. Journal of Gambling Issues. 2003(9).","DOI":"10.4309\/jgi.2003.9.8"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/14459790600927845","article-title":"Measuring problem gambling: Assessment of three prevalence screens","volume":"6","author":"McMillen","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171100095X","article-title":"Impulsivity and cognitive distortions in pathological gamblers attending the UK National Problem Gambling Clinic: A preliminary report","volume":"41","author":"Michalczuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0090","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n BO. Mplus User\u2019s Guide. 8 ed. Los Angeles, CA: Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n; 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0095","unstructured":"Neal P, Delfabbro P, O'Neil M. Problem gambling and harm: Toward a national definition. Melbourne: Office of Gaming and Racing; 2005."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/14459790903567132","article-title":"PGSI and DSM-IV in the 2007 British Gambling Prevalence Survey: Reliability, item response, factor structure and inter-scale agreement","volume":"10","author":"Orford","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-008-9112-x","article-title":"Reasons for seeking help for a gambling problem: The experiences of gamblers who have sought specialist assistance and the perceptions of those who have not","volume":"25","author":"Pulford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.02.005","article-title":"A review of solutions for diagnostic accuracy studies with an imperfect or missing reference standard","volume":"62","author":"Reitsma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.06.001","article-title":"Gamblers seeking online help are active help-seekers: Time to support autonomy and competence","volume":"87","author":"Rodda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0120","article-title":"Characteristics of gamblers using a national online counselling service for problem gambling","volume":"1\u201313","author":"Rodda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200710415","article-title":"Youden Index and optimal cut-point estimated from observations affected by a lower limit of detection","volume":"50","author":"Ruopp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biometrical Journal."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-014-9444-7","article-title":"Rates of problematic gambling in a British homeless sample: A preliminary study","volume":"31","author":"Sharman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0135","unstructured":"StataCorp. Stata: Release 15. Statistical Software. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP; 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0140","first-page":"13","article-title":"Gambling screens and problem gambling estimates: A parallel psychometric assessment of the South Oaks Gambling Screen and the Canadian Problem Gambling Index","volume":"20","author":"Stevens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gambling Research."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(00)00158-1","article-title":"Reliability, validity, and classification accuracy of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS)","volume":"27","author":"Stinchfield","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-007-9070-0","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the gamblers anonymous twenty questions","volume":"30","author":"Toneatto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-015-9564-8","article-title":"The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"32","author":"Waluk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2013.839731","article-title":"The classification accuracy of four problem gambling assessment instruments in population research","volume":"14","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1950)3:1<32::AID-CNCR2820030106>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Index for rating diagnostic tests","volume":"3","author":"Youden","year":"1950","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-010-9224-y","article-title":"The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: An evaluation of the scale and its accompanying profiler software in a clinical setting","volume":"27","author":"Young","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"}],"container-title":["Addictive Behaviors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306460319312778?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306460319312778?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T18:39:31Z","timestamp":1759689571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306460319312778"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S0306460319312778"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4603"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4603","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Enhancing the utility of the problem gambling severity index in clinical settings: Identifying refined categories within the problem gambling category","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Addictive Behaviors","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106257","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106257"}}