{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:00:42Z","timestamp":1791334842788,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addictive Behaviors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T11:16:51Z","timestamp":1637839011000},"page":"107200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Gambling problems and associated harms in United Kingdom Royal Air Force personnel"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Amy","family":"Pritchard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Dymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2013-000059","article-title":"Alcohol consumption in the UK armed forces: Are we drinking too much?","volume":"160","author":"Aguirre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.634583","article-title":"The influence of trait compulsivity and impulsivity on addictive and compulsive behaviors during COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Albertella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0015","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0020","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gambling before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among European regular sports bettors: An empirical study using behavioral tracking data","author":"Auer","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0025","unstructured":"Babor, T.F., Higgins-Biddle, J.C., Saunders, J.B., Monteiro, M.G. 2001. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) Guidelines for use in primary care (2nd ed. (WHO Publication No. 01.6a)). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20084","article-title":"Problem gambling in Australian PTSD treatment-seeking veterans","volume":"18","author":"Biddle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2013.796990","article-title":"Trends in binge and heavy drinking, alcohol-related problems, and combat exposure in the US military","volume":"48","author":"Bray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2016.1276536","article-title":"Non-deployment factors affecting psychological wellbeing in military personnel: Literature review","volume":"27","author":"Brooks","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.073","article-title":"Problem gambling worldwide: An update and systematic review of empirical research (2000\u20132015)","volume":"5","author":"Calado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0050","article-title":"The mental health impact of COVID-19 and lockdown-related stressors among adults in the UK","volume":"1\u201310","author":"Chandola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.07.035","article-title":"Gambling problems among military personnel after deployment","volume":"131","author":"Cowlishaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-012-9300-6","article-title":"Validity of the problem gambling severity index interpretive categories","volume":"29","author":"Currie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.05.022","article-title":"Binge-drinking and non-partner aggression are associated with gambling among Veterans with recent substance use in VA outpatient treatment","volume":"74","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dighton, G., Wood, K., Armour, C., Fossey, M., Hogan, L., Kitchiner, N., Larcombe, J., Rogers, R.D., Dymond, S. 2021. Gambling problems among United Kingdom armed forces veterans: associations with gambling motivation and posttraumatic stress disorder. Manuscript submitted for publication.","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2022.2063923"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.25","article-title":"Gambling problems and the impact of family in UK armed forces veterans","volume":"7","author":"Dighton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415575774","article-title":"Prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidity in treatment-seeking problem gamblers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Dowling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-020-00310-2","article-title":"Gambling problems in US military veterans","volume":"7","author":"Etuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Addiction Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0095","series-title":"The Canadian problem gambling index: Final report","first-page":"1","author":"Ferris","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0100","unstructured":"Gambling Commission. 2020. COVID-19 and its impact on gambling: What we know so far. https:\/\/www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk\/newsaction-and-statistics\/Statistics-and-research\/Covid-19-research\/Covid19-and-its-impact-ongambling-%E2%80%93-what-we-know-so-far.aspx."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002980","article-title":"Are common mental disorders more prevalent in the UK serving military compared to the general working population?","volume":"45","author":"Goodwin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.594115","article-title":"The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental well-being and psychological distress: Impact upon a single country","volume":"11","author":"Gray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4013","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114013","article-title":"Changes in gambling behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: A web survey study in Sweden","volume":"17","author":"H\u00e5kansson","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000709","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on gambling and gambling disorder: Emerging data","volume":"34","author":"Hodgins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891734","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1891734","article-title":"Probable post-traumatic stress disorder and harmful alcohol use among male members of the British Police Forces and the British Armed Forces: A comparative study","volume":"12","author":"Irizar","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.039818","article-title":"Influence of childhood adversity on health among male UK military personnel","volume":"191","author":"Iversen","year":"2007","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22182","article-title":"Reckless self-destructive behavior and PTSD in veterans: The mediating role of new adverse events","volume":"30","author":"Lusk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0150","unstructured":"McManus, S., Bebbington, P.E., Jenkins, R., Brugha, T. 2016. Mental Health and Wellbeing in England: the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014. NHS digital."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09900-w","article-title":"Gambling and the role of resilience in an international online sample of current and ex-serving military personnel as compared to the general population","volume":"36","author":"Milton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0251-9","article-title":"Problem gambling and psychological distress: A cross-national perspective on the mediating effect of consumer debt and debt problems among emerging adults","volume":"15","author":"Oksanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-020-09951-4","article-title":"Exploring the prevalence of gambling harm among active-duty military personnel: A systematic scoping review","volume":"37","author":"Paterson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0170","article-title":"Paid online convenience samples in gambling studies: Questionable data quality","volume":"1\u201321","author":"Pickering","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price A. 2020. Online gambling in the midst of COVID-19: A nexus of mental health concerns, substance use and financial stress. Int J Ment Health Addict, 1\u201318. Advance online publication. 10.1007\/s11469-020-00366-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00366-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0180","unstructured":"Public Health England, 2021. Gambling-related harms evidence review: Quantitative analysis of gambling involvement and gambling-related harms among the general population in England. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/gambling-related-harms-evidence-review."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0185","unstructured":"Royal Air Force Benvolent Fund (2019). Meeting the Needs of the Serving RAF Community. https:\/\/www.rafbfsites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/meeting_needs_report.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106071","article-title":"Psychosocial risk factors in disordered gambling: A descriptive systematic overview of vulnerable populations","volume":"99","author":"Sharman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.621497","article-title":"Gambling in COVID-19 lockdown in the UK: Depression, stress, and anxiety","volume":"12","author":"Sharman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0200","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gambling and COVID-19: Initial findings from a UK Sample","author":"Sharman","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.173.5.452","article-title":"Gambling and health risk-taking behavior in a military sample","volume":"173","author":"Steenbergh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Military Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556552","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2018.1556552","article-title":"Do serving and ex-serving personnel of the UK armed forces seek help for perceived stress, emotional or mental health problems?","volume":"10","author":"Stevelink","year":"2019","journal-title":"The European Journal of Psychotraumatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-014-9515-0","article-title":"Effects of different screening and scoring thresholds on PGSI gambling risk segments","volume":"13","author":"Stone","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b9005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqv057","article-title":"Risk-taking behaviours among UK military reservists","volume":"65","author":"Thandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occupational Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106725","article-title":"Gambling and military service: Characteristics, comorbidity, and problem severity in an epidemiological sample","volume":"114","author":"van der Maas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23732","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v5.23732","article-title":"Deployment-related mental health support: Comparative analysis of NATO and allied ISAF partners","volume":"5","author":"Vermetten","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.106876","article-title":"The impact of the initial Covid-19 lockdown upon regular sports bettors in Britain: Findings from a cross-sectional online study","volume":"118","author":"Wardle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0245","article-title":"Gambling and public health: We need policy action to prevent harm","volume":"365","author":"Wardle","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b9000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.027","article-title":"Investigating veterans\u2019 pre-, peri-, and post-deployment experiences as potential risk factors for problem gambling","volume":"5","author":"Whiting","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2021.1903062","article-title":"Substitution behaviors among people who gamble during COVID-19 precipitated casino closures","author":"Xuereb","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"}],"container-title":["Addictive Behaviors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306460321003853?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306460321003853?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T18:48:33Z","timestamp":1759690113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306460321003853"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0306460321003853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4603"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4603","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gambling problems and associated harms in United Kingdom Royal Air Force personnel","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Addictive Behaviors","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107200"}}