{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:43:39Z","timestamp":1789951419521,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":272,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K99DA058241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99DA058241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA229617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA229617"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01DA058084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01DA058084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addictive Behaviors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T04:30:59Z","timestamp":1756528259000},"page":"108471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Assessment of nicotine and cannabis co-use among adolescents and the association with nicotine and cannabis dependence symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"171","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2253-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikki S.","family":"Jafarzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa F.","family":"Harlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6557-7183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire A.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9376-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reid C.","family":"Whaley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dae-Hee","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1217-525X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam M.","family":"Leventhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Barrington-Trimis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03837.x","article-title":"The co\u2010occurring use and misuse of cannabis and tobacco: A review","volume":"107","author":"Agrawal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.11.036","article-title":"Tobacco and cannabis co-use and interrelatedness among adults","volume":"90","author":"Akbar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7244a1","article-title":"Tobacco Product use among U.S. Middle and High School students \u2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2023","volume":"72","author":"Birdsey","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108271","article-title":"Quantity and frequency of cannabis use in relation to cannabis-use disorder and cannabis-related problems","volume":"217","author":"Callaghan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0025","article-title":"Biomarkers of nicotine exposure correlate with the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist among adolescents in California","volume":"128","author":"Chaffee","year":"2022","journal-title":"United States. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1473437","article-title":"Patterns and Correlates of Tobacco and Cannabis co-use by Tobacco Product Type: Findings from the Virginia Youth Survey","volume":"53","author":"Cobb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.12.025","article-title":"Patterns and correlates of the co-use of marijuana with any tobacco and individual tobacco products in young adults from Wave 2 of the PATH Study","volume":"92","author":"Cohn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12766","article-title":"Population\u2010level patterns and mental health and substance use correlates of alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use and co\u2010use in US young adults and adults: Results from the population assessment for tobacco and health","volume":"27","author":"Cohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.02.012","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the CAST and SDS scales in young adult cannabis users","volume":"37","author":"Cuenca-Royo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.4.397","article-title":"Measuring the loss of Autonomy over Nicotine Use in Adolescents: The DANDY (Development and Assessment of Nicotine Dependence in Youths) study","volume":"156","author":"DiFranza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1179173X20949271","article-title":"Developmental Trajectories of Tobacco\/Nicotine and Cannabis Use and patterns of Product Co-use in Young Adulthood","volume":"13","author":"Dunbar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tob. Use Insights"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-7-13","article-title":"Screening of cannabis-related problems among youth: The CPQ-A-S and CAST questionnaires","volume":"7","author":"Fernandez-Artamendi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse Treat. Prev. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.07.029","article-title":"Combined effects of marijuana and nicotine on memory performance and hippocampal volume","volume":"293","author":"Filbey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106284","article-title":"Patterns of tobacco use and nicotine dependence among youth, United States, 2017\u20132018","volume":"141","author":"Gomez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-063430","article-title":"Disposable E-Cigarette Use and subsequent use patterns in Adolescents and Young adults","volume":"153","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-056586","article-title":"Adolescent use of Flavored Non-Tobacco Oral Nicotine Products","volume":"150","author":"Harlow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001222","article-title":"Acute memory and psychotomimetic effects of cannabis and tobacco both \u2018joint\u2019 and individually: A placebo-controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Hindocha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/14659890701476532","article-title":"Validation of the CAST, a general population Cannabis Abuse Screening Test","volume":"12","author":"Legleye","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Subst. Use"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1512623","article-title":"The Relationship between Tobacco and Cannabis Use: A Review","volume":"54","author":"Lemyre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2023.107804","article-title":"Correlates of adolescent sole-, dual- and poly-use of cannabis, vaped nicotine, and combusted tobacco","volume":"146","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.06.009","article-title":"Transitions between tobacco and cannabis use among adolescents: A multi-state modeling of progression from onset to daily use","volume":"36","author":"Mayet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0110","article-title":"Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975\u20132023: Overview and detailed results for secondary school students","author":"Miech","year":"2024","journal-title":"MIECH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.11.022","article-title":"Dual use of Nicotine and Cannabis through Vaping among Adolescents","volume":"63","author":"Moustafa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03843.x","article-title":"Clinical correlates of co-occurring cannabis and tobacco use: A systematic review","volume":"107","author":"Peters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.031","article-title":"Marijuana use among adolescent multiple tobacco product users and unique risks of dual tobacco and marijuana use","volume":"189","author":"Pulvers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12186","article-title":"A review of co-morbid tobacco and cannabis use disorders: Possible mechanisms to explain high rates of co-use","volume":"24","author":"Rabin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109000","article-title":"Tobacco and marijuana co-use in a cohort of young adults: Patterns, correlates and reasons for co-use","volume":"227","author":"Reboussin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.05.012","article-title":"Assessing the overlap between tobacco and marijuana: Trends in patterns of co-use of tobacco and marijuana in adults from 2003\u20132012","volume":"49","author":"Schauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13342","article-title":"Ecological Momentary Assessment of Working memory under Conditions of Simultaneous Marijuana and Tobacco Use","volume":"111","author":"Schuster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict. Abingdon Engl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2019.1709603","article-title":"Modes of delivery in concurrent nicotine and cannabis use (\u201cco-use\u201d) among youth: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Survey","volume":"42","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.004","article-title":"Cannabis and tobacco use and co-use: Trajectories and correlates from early adolescence to emerging adulthood","volume":"204","author":"Tucker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(03)00531-7","article-title":"Screening adolescents for nicotine dependence: The hooked on nicotine checklist","volume":"35","author":"Wheeler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"}],"container-title":["Addictive Behaviors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306460325002321?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306460325002321?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T03:35:36Z","timestamp":1764646536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306460325002321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S0306460325002321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4603"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4603","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessment of nicotine and cannabis co-use among adolescents and the association with nicotine and cannabis dependence symptoms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Addictive Behaviors","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108471","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108471"}}