{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:59:29Z","timestamp":1786114769054,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,3]],"date-time":"2026-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796256000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":277,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TL1 TR002555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TL1 TR002555"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addictive Behaviors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:21:15Z","timestamp":1764634875000},"page":"108578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Restricting choice of e-cigarette flavor and device type increases choices to use combusted cigarettes among adults who dual use both products: Results from a within-subjects randomized trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"174","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4103-9641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana","family":"Rubenstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1412-1765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren R.","family":"Pacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3193-2452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5085-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maggie M.","family":"Sweitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8397-6337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Kozink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4390-1429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Holloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric C.","family":"Donny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy T.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. Joseph","family":"McClernon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali FRM. E-cigarette Unit Sales by Product and Flavor Type, and Top-Selling Brands, United States, 2020\u20132022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72. doi: 10.15585\/mmwr.mm7225a1.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7225a1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.47813","article-title":"Evaluation of statewide restrictions on flavored e-cigarette sales in the US from 2014 to 2020","volume":"5","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.04.006","article-title":"Other tobacco product and electronic cigarette use among homeless cigarette smokers","volume":"60","author":"Baggett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0020","article-title":"Should flavours be banned in cigarettes and e-cigarettes? evidence on adult smokers and recent quitters from a discrete choice experiment","author":"Buckell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09055-z","article-title":"The actual and anticipated effects of a menthol cigarette ban: A scoping review","volume":"20","author":"Cadham","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1086\/726003","article-title":"Spatial spillover effects of state-level policies banning electronic nicotine delivery systems","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"American Journal of Health Economy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.40.2.12","article-title":"Electronic cigarette use in straight-to-work young adults","volume":"40","author":"Cheney","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Health Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyw030","article-title":"Comparing young adults to older adults in e-cigarette perceptions and motivations for use: Implications for health communication","volume":"31","author":"Cooper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Education Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7272","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10127272","article-title":"Impact of flavour variability on electronic cigarette use experience: An internet survey","volume":"10","author":"Farsalinos","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.01.006","article-title":"Factors associated with dual use of tobacco and electronic cigarettes: A case control study","volume":"26","author":"Farsalinos","year":"2015","journal-title":"The International Journal on Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00876-w","article-title":"Patterns of flavored e-cigarette use among adult vapers in the USA: An online cross-sectional survey of 69,233 participants","volume":"20","author":"Farsalinos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.0922","article-title":"A difference-in-differences analysis of youth smoking and a ban on sales of flavored tobacco products in San Francisco, California","volume":"175","author":"Friedman","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0065","unstructured":"Friedman AS, Liber AC, Crippen A, et al. (2025) E-cigarette Flavor Restrictions\u2019 Effects on Tobacco Product Sales. https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4586701 (accessed 10 January 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3826","article-title":"Associations of flavored e-cigarette uptake with subsequent smoking initiation and cessation","volume":"3","author":"Friedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac073","article-title":"The role of nicotine and flavor in the abuse potential and appeal of electronic cigarettes for adult current and former cigarette and electronic cigarette users: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Gades","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0080","article-title":"Implementation of a comprehensive flavoured tobacco product sales restriction and retail tobacco sales","author":"Gammon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.014","article-title":"Effects of sweet flavorings and nicotine on the appeal and sensory properties of e-cigarettes among young adult vapers: Application of a novel methodology","volume":"168","author":"Goldenson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa095","article-title":"The association of e-cigarette flavors with satisfaction, enjoyment, and trying to quit or stay abstinent from smoking among regular adult vapers from Canada and the United States: Findings from the 2018 ITC four country smoking and vaping survey","volume":"22","author":"Gravely","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research, the Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107152","article-title":"Responses to potential nicotine vaping product flavor restrictions among regular vapers using non-tobacco flavors: Findings from the 2020 ITC smoking and Vaping Survey in Canada, England and the United States","volume":"125","author":"Gravely","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16063","article-title":"Biomarkers of potential harm in people switching from smoking tobacco to exclusive e-cigarette use, dual use or abstinence: Secondary analysis of Cochrane systematic review of trials of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation","volume":"118","author":"Hartmann-Boyce","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan B, Hardesty JJ, Welding K, et al. Electronic Nicotine Delivery System flavor use over time by age group in the US: A longitudinal analysis. doi: 10.18332\/tid\/162365.","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/162365"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1607538","article-title":"Tobacco-product use by adults and youths in the United States in 2013 and 2014","volume":"376","author":"Kasza","year":"2017","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4136","article-title":"Mostly harmless regulation? Electronic cigarettes, public policy, and consumer welfare","volume":"29","author":"Kenkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu257","article-title":"Reasons for electronic cigarette experimentation and discontinuation among adolescents and young adults","volume":"17","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research, the Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.02.011","article-title":"JUUL electronic cigarette use patterns, other tobacco product use, and reasons for use among ever users: Results from a convenience sample","volume":"95","author":"Leavens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s176","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2022-057492","article-title":"Impact of the FDA flavour enforcement policy on flavoured electronic cigarette use behaviour changes","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e118","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2021-057135","article-title":"Youth tobacco use before and after flavoured tobacco sales restrictions in Oakland, California and San Francisco, California","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2014-051743","article-title":"One of several \u201ctoys\u201d for smoking: Young adult experiences with electronic cigarettes in New York City","volume":"24","author":"McDonald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac241","article-title":"Associations between E-cigarette use and E-cigarette flavors with cigarette smoking quit attempts and quit success: Evidence from a U.S. large, nationally representative 2018-2019 survey","volume":"25","author":"Mok","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research, the Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2019.1626435","article-title":"Young adult dual combusted cigarette and e-cigarette users\u2019 anticipated responses to hypothetical e-cigarette market restrictions","volume":"54","author":"Pacek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty129","article-title":"A conceptual framework for understanding multiple tobacco product use and the impact of regulatory action","volume":"21","author":"Pacek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research, the Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000548","article-title":"Sex differences in the appeal of Flavored E-cigarettes among young adult E-cigarette users","volume":"34","author":"Pang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.09.011","article-title":"Reasons for current E-cigarette use among U.S. adults","volume":"93","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13257","article-title":"The effect of potential electronic nicotine delivery system regulations on nicotine product selection","volume":"111","author":"Pesko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction (Abingdon, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab188","article-title":"A comprehensive qualitative review of studies evaluating the impact of local US laws restricting the sale of flavored and menthol tobacco products","volume":"24","author":"Rogers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research, the Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0180","unstructured":"Royal College of Physicians. Harm Reduction in Nicotine Addiction: Helping People Who Can\u2019t Quit. A Report by the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. London, United Kingdom 2007."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac032","article-title":"Multiple tobacco product use conceptual framework: A 2021 update on evidence","volume":"24","author":"Rubenstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntv003","article-title":"Use of E-cigarettes among current smokers: Associations among reasons for use, quit intentions, and current tobacco use","volume":"17","author":"Rutten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research, the Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200210123581","article-title":"Biochemical verification of tobacco use and cessation","volume":"4","author":"SRNT Subcommittee on Biochemical Verification","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research, the Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntad258","article-title":"Responses to real-world and hypothetical e-cigarette flavor bans among US young adults who use flavored E-cigarettes","volume":"26","author":"Tam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research, the Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0205","unstructured":"U.S. Congress. Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Federal Reform Act. 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0210","article-title":"Food & Drug Administration","author":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration","year":"2025","journal-title":"Searchable Tobacco Products Database"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2020.100273","article-title":"The impact of a comprehensive tobacco product flavor ban in San Francisco among young adults","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa238","article-title":"Consumer preferences for E-cigarette flavor, nicotine strength, and type: evidence from Nielsen scanner data","volume":"23","author":"Zare","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research, the Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2008.027318","article-title":"The strategic dialogue on tobacco harm reduction: A vision and blueprint for action in the US","volume":"18","author":"Zeller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"}],"container-title":["Addictive Behaviors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306460325003478?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306460325003478?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T21:34:28Z","timestamp":1785965668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306460325003478"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0306460325003478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4603"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4603","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Restricting choice of e-cigarette flavor and device type increases choices to use combusted cigarettes among adults who dual use both products: Results from a within-subjects randomized trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Addictive Behaviors","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108578","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108578"}}