{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:45:26Z","timestamp":1786113926768,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000144","name":"Alberta Gambling Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000144","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addictive Behaviors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T23:53:45Z","timestamp":1782345225000},"page":"108783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Loot box purchases are associated with problem gambling severity and harms beyond traditional gambling activities"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Hyoun S.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7609-2405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youssef","family":"Allami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6410-8032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darren R.","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2737-5200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Hodgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2772-942X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel S.","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Nicoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1949-0084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie A.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4985-1987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhys","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15449","article-title":"A meta\u2010analysis of problem gambling risk factors in the general adult population","volume":"116","author":"Allami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000160","article-title":"The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study","volume":"30","author":"Andreassen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2025.2529177","article-title":"Measurement invariance of the Problem Gambling Severity Index across sociodemographics and gambling modalities","volume":"25","author":"Azizsoltani","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.04.009","article-title":"Associations between loot box use, problematic gaming and gambling, and gambling-related cognitions","volume":"96","author":"Brooks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107605","article-title":"The gamblers of the future? Migration from loot boxes to gambling in a longitudinal study of young adults","volume":"141","author":"Brooks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.41","article-title":"Prevalence of gambling-related harm provides evidence for the prevention paradox","volume":"7","author":"Browne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09916-2","article-title":"Measuring behavioural dependence in gambling: A case for removing harmful consequences from the assessment of problem gambling pathology","volume":"36","author":"Browne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09832-5","article-title":"The multidimensional structure of problem gambling: An evaluation of four gambling categorization instruments from an international online survey of gamblers","volume":"35","author":"Christensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15837","article-title":"Loot box engagement: Relationships with educational attainment, employment status and earnings in a cohort of 16\u2009000 United Kingdom gamers","volume":"117","author":"Close","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2022.2141717","article-title":"Loot box purchasing is associated with gambling and problem gambling when controlling for known psychological risk factors of gambling","volume":"31","author":"Coelho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addiction Research & Theory"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2020.1768430","article-title":"Gaming-gambling convergence: Evaluating evidence for the \u2018gateway\u2019 hypothesis","volume":"20","author":"Delfabbro","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.4309\/jgi.2021.46.15","article-title":"The case for uniform loot box regulation: A new classification typology and reform agenda","volume":"46","author":"Derrington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Issues"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0360-1","article-title":"Video game loot boxes are psychologically akin to gambling","volume":"2","author":"Drummond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0900-3","article-title":"Why loot boxes could be regulated as gambling","volume":"4","author":"Drummond","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0085","unstructured":"Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (2001). The Canadian Problem Gambling Index Final Report. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. https:\/\/www.greo.ca\/Modules\/EvidenceCentre\/files\/Ferris%20et%20al(2001)The_Canadian_Problem_Gambling_Index.pdf."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12016","article-title":"Problematic computer game use among adolescents, younger and older adults","volume":"108","author":"Festl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2021.1914705","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the relationship between problem gambling, excessive gaming and loot box spending","volume":"21","author":"Garea","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2024.2319027","article-title":"The problem gambling measure: A revision of the Problem and Pathological Gambling measure to better predict at-risk and chronic gambling","volume":"24","author":"Gooding","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2023.00013","article-title":"A scoping review of the association between loot boxes, esports, skin betting, and token wagering with gambling and video gaming behaviors","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2020.1822905","article-title":"Gambling-gaming convergence: New developments and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033810","article-title":"Breadth and depth involvement: Understanding Internet gambling involvement and its relationship to gambling problems","volume":"28","author":"LaPlante","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09913-5","article-title":"Rare loot box rewards trigger larger arousal and reward responses, and greater urge to open more loot boxes","volume":"37","author":"Larche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03300.x","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbid disorders in problem and pathological gambling: Systematic review and meta-analysis of population surveys","volume":"106","author":"Lorains","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"711","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0135","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gambling formats, involvement, and problem gambling: Which types of gambling are more risky?","volume":"20","author":"Mazar","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/24694452.2023.2248293","article-title":"Children and young people\u2019s experiences and understandings of gambling-style systems in digital games: Loot boxes, popular culture, and changing childhoods","volume":"114","author":"Mills","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annals of the American Association of Geographers"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2022.2149834","article-title":"Assessing severity of problem gambling \u2013 confirmatory factor and Rasch analysis of three gambling measures","volume":"23","author":"Molander","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0150","article-title":"Loot box engagement: A scoping review of primary studies on prevalence and association with problematic gaming and gambling","volume":"17","author":"Montiel","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One1"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2025.2481846","article-title":"Assessing the factor structure of the problem and pathological gambling measure (PPGM)","volume":"25","author":"Mou","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-02766-1","article-title":"A longitudinal replication study testing migration from video game loot boxes to gambling in British Columbia","volume":"13","author":"Palmer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Canada. BMC Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2021.00007","article-title":"Young people who purchase loot boxes are more likely to have gambling problems: An online survey of adolescents and young adults living in NSW Australia","volume":"10","author":"Rockloff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2022.484","article-title":"Risk factors associated with gambling on loot boxes","volume":"35","author":"Sanmart\u00edn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19585969.2025.2484288","article-title":"Gambling disorder comorbidity a narrative review","volume":"27","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107327","article-title":"Loot boxes and problem gambling: Investigating the \u201cgateway hypothesis\u201d","volume":"131","author":"Spicer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211027175","article-title":"Loot boxes, problem gambling and problem video gaming: A systematic review and meta-synthesis","volume":"24","author":"Spicer","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0190","unstructured":"Taburova, A. (2024, September 23). Comparative analysis of loot box legislation in different countries. Fintech Harbor Consulting. https:\/\/www.fintecharbor.com\/comparative-analysis-of-loot-box-legislation-in-different-countries\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thulin, M. C., Snaychuk, L. A., Vieira, J. L., Coelho, S. G., & Kim, H. S. (2025). The gamblification of video games: A case study on loot boxes. In A. L. M. Andrade (Ed.), Digital Addictions: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Behavioral Addictions and Digital Media (pp. 139\u2013151). Springer Nature Switzerland. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-87986-9_8.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-87986-9_8"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0200","unstructured":"UK Gambling Commission (2017). Virtual currencies, esports and social gaming \u2013 Position paper. Gambling Commission. https:\/\/assets.ctfassets.net\/j16ev64qyf6l\/7jRMC5FrbFkfXKhmN2rajn\/f77a0e6dd36f2e8157c4bbaf53dc2eb7\/Virtual-currencies-eSports-and-social-casino-gaming.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2013.839731","article-title":"The classification accuracy of four problem gambling assessment instruments in population research","volume":"14","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0210","unstructured":"Williams, R. J., Volberg, R. A., Stevens, R. M. G., Williams, L. A., & Arthur, J. N. (2017). The definition, dimensionalization, and assessment of gambling participation. Final report prepared for the Canadian Consortium for Gambling Research. February 1, 2017. https:\/\/opus.uleth.ca\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/ebb3250e-0d19-426c-b649-70e99941450b\/content."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1089\/glr2.2024.0006","article-title":"Loot box state of play 2023: Law, regulation, policy, and enforcement around the world","volume":"28","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gaming Law Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, L. Y., Henderson, L. L., & Newall, P. W. (2022). Loot boxes are more prevalent in United Kingdom video games than previously considered: Updating Zendle et al. (2020).Addiction, 117(9), 2553-2555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15829.","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15829"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-022-00424-9","article-title":"Regulating gambling-like video game loot boxes: A public health framework comparing industry self-regulation, existing national legal approaches, and other potential approaches","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Addiction Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.250704","article-title":"Non-compliance with and non-enforcement of UK loot box industry self-regulation on the Apple App Store: A longitudinal study on poor implementation","volume":"12","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2017.1364400","article-title":"A scoping review of co-morbidity in individuals with disordered gambling","volume":"18","author":"Yakovenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-021-00386-4","article-title":"Characteristics of gamers who purchase loot box: A systematic literature review","volume":"8","author":"Yokomitsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Addiction Reports"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14973","article-title":"The prevalence of loot boxes in mobile and desktop games","volume":"115","author":"Zendle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"}],"container-title":["Addictive Behaviors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306460326001930?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306460326001930?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T20:06:38Z","timestamp":1785960398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306460326001930"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0306460326001930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4603"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4603","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Loot box purchases are associated with problem gambling severity and harms beyond traditional gambling activities","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Addictive Behaviors","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108783","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108783"}}