{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T01:45:11Z","timestamp":1791769511749,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addictive Behaviors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T23:15:00Z","timestamp":1791501300000},"page":"108877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Development and validation of an ICD-11\u2013based problematic social media use scale"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"185","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8598-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osman Tolga","family":"Ar\u0131cak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6008-7636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Canahmet","family":"Boz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-015-0056-9","article-title":"Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review","volume":"2","author":"Andreassen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Addiction Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2012.00947.x","article-title":"Development of a work addiction scale","volume":"53","author":"Andreassen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169839","article-title":"Problematic social media use: Results from a large-scale nationally representative adolescent sample","volume":"12","author":"B\u00e1nyai","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-019-00259-x","article-title":"High involvement versus pathological involvement in video games: A crucial distinction for ensuring the validity and utility of gaming disorder","volume":"6","author":"Billieux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Addiction Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.036","article-title":"Functional impairment matters in the screening and diagnosis of gaming disorder: Commentary on: Scholars\u2019 open debate paper on the World Health Organization ICD-11 gaming Disorder proposal (Aarseth et al.)","volume":"6","author":"Billieux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0030","unstructured":"Blaszczynski, A., Billieux, J., Carras, M., Edman, J., Heeren, A., Kardefelt-Winther, D., Khazaal, Y., Maurage, P., Schimmenti, A., & van Rooij, A. J. (2017). How can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours?."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2023.107838","article-title":"Has the prevalence of problematic social media use increased over the past seven years and since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic? A meta-analysis of the studies published since the development of the Bergen social media addiction scale","volume":"147","author":"Casale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2022.101145","article-title":"Assessing problematic use of social media: Where do we stand and what can be improved?","volume":"45","author":"Cataldo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/27000","article-title":"Heterogeneity of prevalence of social media addiction across multiple classification schemes: Latent profile analysis","volume":"24","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.106845","article-title":"Prevalence of social media addiction across 32 nations: Meta-analysis with subgroup analysis of classification schemes and cultural values","volume":"117","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/0146621616677520","article-title":"Critical values for Yen\u2019s Q3: Identification of local dependence in the Rasch model using residual correlations","volume":"41","author":"Christensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Applied Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0060","article-title":"Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis","volume":"10","author":"Costello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0065","first-page":"15","article-title":"Bergen Sosyal Medya Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finin T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye uyarlanmas\u0131, depresyon ve anksiyete belirtileriyle ili\u015fkisinin de\u011ferlendirilmesi","volume":"20","author":"Demirci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.4.3.272","article-title":"Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research","volume":"4","author":"Fabrigar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0075","first-page":"2266","article-title":"Sosyal Medya Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi (SMB\u00d6)\u2019nin geli\u015ftirilmesi: Ge\u00e7erlik ve g\u00fcvenirlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131","volume":"15","author":"F\u0131rat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Human Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.56676\/kiad.1535377","article-title":"Sosyal medya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi: Ge\u00e7erlik ve g\u00fcvenirlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131","volume":"13","author":"Hazar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kastamonu \u0130leti\u015fim Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2018.37.10.751","article-title":"No more FOMO: Limiting social media decreases loneliness and depression","volume":"37","author":"Hunt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2023.101996","article-title":"Association between psychosocial well-being and problematic social media use among Finnish young adults: A cross-sectional study","volume":"81","author":"Hylkil\u00e4","year":"2023","journal-title":"Telematics and Informatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22466","article-title":"Association between social media use and depression among U.S. young adults","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0100","first-page":"878","article-title":"What do infit and outfit, mean-square and standardized mean","volume":"16","author":"Linacre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rasch Measurement Transactions"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2021.0300","article-title":"Problematic social media use and its relationship with depression or anxiety: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Lopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028085","article-title":"Identifying careless responses in survey data","volume":"17","author":"Meade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2025.100603","article-title":"Toward the classification of social media use disorder: Clinical characterization and proposed diagnostic criteria","author":"Moretta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2024.152470","article-title":"Validation of the ACSID-11 for consistent screening of specific Internet-use disorders based on ICD-11 criteria for gaming disorder: A multitrait-multimethod approach","volume":"132","author":"Oelker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.661483","article-title":"ICD-11-based assessment of social media use disorder in adolescents: Development and validation of the social media use disorder scale for adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Paschke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.01.010","article-title":"Social media use and perceived social isolation among young adults in the U.S","volume":"53","author":"Primack","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004","article-title":"Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research","volume":"41","author":"Putnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153553","article-title":"Item response theory and clinical measurement","volume":"5","author":"Reise","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/33450","article-title":"Problematic social media use in adolescents and young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Shannon","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Mental Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x","article-title":"Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross\u2010cultural health care research: A clear and user\u2010friendly guideline","volume":"17","author":"Sousa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0155","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5). Pearson Boston, MA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107400","article-title":"Problematic use or addiction? A scoping review on conceptual and operational definitions of negative social networking sites use in adolescents","volume":"134","author":"Varona","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/sipr.12033","article-title":"Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well\u2010being? A critical review","volume":"11","author":"Verduyn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Issues and Policy Review"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13120980","article-title":"A Four-Item questionnaire to measure problematic social media use: The social media disorder test","volume":"13","author":"Wartberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1106004","article-title":"Problematic social networking site use-effects on mental health and the brain","volume":"13","author":"Weinstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0180","unstructured":"World Health Organization [WHO]. (2025). 6C51 Gaming disorder. 6C51 Gaming Disorder. https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse\/2025-01\/mms\/en#1448597234."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000006288127","article-title":"Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices","volume":"34","author":"Worthington","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Counseling Psychologist"}],"container-title":["Addictive Behaviors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030646032600287X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030646032600287X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T01:11:04Z","timestamp":1791767464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S030646032600287X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S030646032600287X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4603"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4603","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Development and validation of an ICD-11\u2013based problematic social media use scale","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Addictive Behaviors","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108877","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108877"}}