{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:53:36Z","timestamp":1791568416690,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2559,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.es","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr\u00e1ficas (English Edition)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,17]],"date-time":"2013-07-17T20:00:35Z","timestamp":1374091235000},"page":"554-563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Leprosy. An Update: Definition, Pathogenesis, Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Eichelmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.E.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.C.","family":"Salas-Alanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Ocampo-Candiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363926","article-title":"Genetics of suceptibility to leprosy","volume":"3","author":"Fitness","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genes Inmmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15952-7","article-title":"Leprosy","volume":"363","author":"Britton","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6067","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00762-09","article-title":"Comparative sequence analysis of Mycobacterium leprae and the new leprosy-causing Mycobacterium lepromatosis","volume":"191","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0020","series-title":"Weekly epidemiological record","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2010.10.008","article-title":"Lepra importada y su di\ufb01cultad en el medio actual: a prop\u00f3sito de 7 casos","volume":"102","author":"Contreras-Steyls","year":"2011","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gulia A, Fried I, Massone C. New insights in the pathogenesis and genetics of leprosy. F1000 Medicine Reports. 2010;27:2","DOI":"10.3410\/M2-30"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9857","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9857","article-title":"A 21-kDa surface protein of Mycobacterium leprae binds peripheral nerve laminin-2 and mediates Schwann cell invasion","volume":"96","author":"Shimoji","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-010-9287-1","article-title":"Leprosy as a genetic disease","volume":"22","author":"Alter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mamm Genome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0586","article-title":"Reactions following completion of 1 and 2 year multidrug therapy (MDT)","volume":"83","author":"Balagon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh266","article-title":"Population survey to determine risk factors for Mycobacterium leprae transmission and infection","volume":"33","author":"Bakker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0055","first-page":"121","article-title":"The nasal discharge in leprosy: clinical and bacteriological aspects","volume":"25","author":"Davey","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.03767.x","article-title":"Ornamental tattoos and skin lesions. Tattoo inoculation borderline tuberculoid leprosy","volume":"48","author":"Ghorpade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0065","first-page":"7","article-title":"A clinical and immunological study of four babies of mothers with lepromatous leprosy, two of whom developed leprosy in infancy","volume":"51","author":"Duncan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0070","first-page":"255","article-title":"Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system","volume":"34","author":"Ridley","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2003.11.072","article-title":"An update on the diagnosis and treatment of leprosy","volume":"51","author":"Moschella","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4366","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05634-11","article-title":"Case of Diffuse Lepromatous Leprosy Associated with Mycobacterium lepromatosis","volume":"49","author":"Vera-Cabrera","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2009.09.005","article-title":"Leprorreacci\u00f3n tipo 1 y embarazo","volume":"101","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Pazos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0090","first-page":"758","article-title":"Leprosy: a precipitating factor for complex regional pain syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Garg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/09546630701364750","article-title":"Management of complications following leprosy: an evolving scenario","volume":"18","author":"Sehgal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0100","first-page":"378","article-title":"MR imaging of Dejerine-Sottas disease","volume":"20","author":"Maki","year":"1999","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1148\/42.1.1","article-title":"Bone changes in leprosy, a clinical and roentgenological study of 505 cases","volume":"42","author":"Faget","year":"1944","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0110","first-page":"632","article-title":"Bone changes in leprosy. A study of 50 cases","volume":"57","author":"Chhabriya","year":"1985","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-7310(09)71912-X","article-title":"Complicaciones \u00f3seas en un paciente con lepra lepromatosa","volume":"100","author":"Mart\u00ednez de Lagr\u00e1n","year":"2009","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.78.3.248","article-title":"Diffuse leprosy of Lucio and Latap\u00ed: a histologic study","volume":"78","author":"Vargas-Ocampo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90018-7","article-title":"Distribution and persistence of Mycobacterium leprae nasal carriage among a population in which leprosy is endemic in Indonesia","volume":"89","author":"Hatta","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0130","first-page":"438","article-title":"Inverse sampling to study disease burden of leprosy","volume":"132","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0135","first-page":"301","article-title":"Transmission and protection in leprosy: indications of the role of mucosal immunity","volume":"68","author":"Ramaprasad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01951.x","article-title":"Utility of measuring serum levels of anti-PGL-I antibody, neopterin and C-reactive protein in monitoring leprosy patients during multi-drug treatment and reactions","volume":"12","author":"Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-252","article-title":"Multiplex PCR technique could be an alternative approach for early detection of leprosy among close contacts--a pilot study from India","volume":"10","author":"Banerjee","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0150","first-page":"579","article-title":"Nasal mucosa study of leprosy contacts with positive serology for the phenolic glycolipid 1 antigen","volume":"76","author":"da Costa Martins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0155","first-page":"118","article-title":"Estado Actual de la Terap\u00e9utica de la Lepra","volume":"6","author":"Terencio de las Aguas","year":"2008","journal-title":"DCMQ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-7310(09)72548-7","article-title":"Contagiosidad de la lepra, por Juan de Az\u00faa","volume":"100","author":"Terencio de las Aguas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702010000300022","article-title":"Methemoglobinemia and dapsone levels in patients with leprosy","volume":"14","author":"Vieira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13737.x","article-title":"Diaminodiphenylsulfone resistance of Mycobacterium leprae due to mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase gene","volume":"177","author":"Kai","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0175","first-page":"225","article-title":"The management of leprosy reversal reactions","volume":"69","author":"Britton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.79.4.372","article-title":"Leprosy type 1 (reversal) reactions and their management","volume":"79","author":"Walker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92686-7","article-title":"Thalidomide in leprosy reaction","volume":"343","author":"Jakeman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0190","first-page":"252","article-title":"Talidomida en dermatolog\u00eda. Revisi\u00f3n de sus or\u00edgenes, su actual redescubrimiento y sus nuevas aplicaciones","volume":"42","author":"Heriberto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dermatolog\u00eda Rev Mex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1258\/td.2010.100266","article-title":"Disability profile in leprosy patients\u2019 diagnoses in a rural reference leprosy centre in Ethiopia during 1999-2009","volume":"41","author":"Ramos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0200","first-page":"53","article-title":"A study of one hundred and fifty autopsies on cases of leprosy","volume":"5","author":"Mitsuda","year":"1937","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0205","first-page":"489","article-title":"Vacina\u00e7\u00e3o anti-hans\u00eanica","volume":"77","author":"Azulay","year":"2002","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90794-4","article-title":"Efficacy of BCG vaccine against leprosy and tuberculosis in northern Malawi","volume":"339","author":"P\u00f6nnighaus","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028_bib0215","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO recommended MDT regimens. 2012 [consultado 04 Feb 2011]. Available from http:\/\/www.who.int\/lep\/mdt\/regimens\/en\/index.html#"}],"container-title":["Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr\u00e1ficas (English Edition)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1578219013001431?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1578219013001431?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T03:51:18Z","timestamp":1761623478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1578219013001431"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1578219013001431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028","relation":{},"ISSN":["1578-2190"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1578-2190","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Leprosy. An Update: Definition, Pathogenesis, Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr\u00e1ficas (English Edition)","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ad.2012.03.003","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2011 Elsevier Espa\u00f1a, S.L. and AEDV.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}