{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:36:14Z","timestamp":1787754974472,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,9]],"date-time":"2005-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1113004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA11596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA11596"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Adolescence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this paper is to profile the role of homelessness in drug and sexual risk in a population of young men who have sex with men (YMSM). Data are from a cross\u2010sectional survey collected between 2000 and 2001 in New York City (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jadbf04667-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:01401971:jadbf04667:equation:jadbf04667-math-0001\"\/>). With the goal of examining the import of homelessness in increased risk for the onset of drug and sexual risk, we compare and contrast three subgroups: (1) YMSM with no history of homelessness, (2) YMSM with a past history of homelessness but who were not homeless at the time of the interview, and (3) YMSM who were currently homeless. For each group, we describe the prevalence of a broad range of stressful life events (including foster care and runaway episodes, involvement in the criminal justice system, etc.), as well as selected mental health problems (including past suicide attempts, current depression, and selected help\u2010seeking variables). Additionally, we examine the prevalence of selected drug and sexual risk, including exposure to a broad range of illegal substances, current use of illegal drugs, and prevalence of lifetime exposure to sex work. Finally, we use an event history analysis approach (time\u2013event displays and paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test analysis) to examine the timing of negative life experiences and homelessness relative to the onset of drug and sexual risk. High levels of background negative life experiences and manifest mental health distress are seen in all three groups. Both a prior experience of homelessness and currently being homeless are both strongly associated with both higher levels of lifetime exposure to drug and sexual risk as well as higher levels of current drug and sexual risk. Onset of these risks occur earlier in both groups that have had an experience of housing instability (e.g., runaway, foster care, etc.) but are delayed or not present among YMSM with no history of housing instability. Few YMSM had used drug prior to becoming homeless. While causal inferences are subject to the limitations of a cross\u2010sectional design, the findings pose an empirical challenge to the prevailing assumption that prior drug use is a dominant causal factor in YMSM becoming homeless. More broadly, the data illustrate the complexity of factors that must be accounted for, both in advancing our epidemiological understanding of the complexity of homelessness and its relationship to the onset of drug and sexual risk among high risk youth populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2005.02.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,11]],"date-time":"2005-04-11T17:09:28Z","timestamp":1113239368000},"page":"201-214","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Homelessness and drug abuse among young men who have sex with men in New York city: A preliminary epidemiological trajectory"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Clatts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for International Research on Youth at Risk National Development and Research Institutes Inc., 71 West 23rd Street, 4th Floor New York NY 10010 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lloyd","family":"Goldsamt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for International Research on Youth at Risk National Development and Research Institutes Inc., 71 West 23rd Street, 4th Floor New York NY 10010 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huso","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for International Research on Youth at Risk National Development and Research Institutes Inc., 71 West 23rd Street, 4th Floor New York NY 10010 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marya","family":"Viorst Gwadz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for International Research on Youth at Risk National Development and Research Institutes Inc., 71 West 23rd Street, 4th Floor New York NY 10010 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199411000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(98)00033-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.1989.9965956"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"Hitting a moving target: The use of ethnographic methods in the evaluation of AIDS outreach programs for homeless youth in NYC","volume":"157","author":"Clatts M.C.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Qualitative Methods in Drug Abuse and HIV Research: National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Correlates and distribution of HIV risk behaviors among homeless youths in New York City: Implications for prevention and policy","volume":"77","author":"Clatts M.C.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Welfare"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.5.773"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00042-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.2.229"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.9.1406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-9062(75)90418-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"Module 26B: CES\u2010D8 Form (Interview)","author":"Huba G.J.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1054-139X(93)90176-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1995.02170180043006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462971919651"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0070(91)90080-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/78.4.690"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199903000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1998.10399665"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00137-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","volume-title":"11th conference on retrovirus and opportunistic infections","author":"Nash D.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(01)00205-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.87.6.869"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jado.1998.0150"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0679-3_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074355489494007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0080189"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200305020-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00048679509075917"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.11.1915"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"168","article-title":"Very young gay and bisexual men are at high risk for HIV infection: The San Francisco Bay Area Young Men's Survey","volume":"24","author":"Waldo C.R.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/800824"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00181"}],"container-title":["Journal of Adolescence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0140197105000205?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0140197105000205?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2005.02.003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2005.02.003","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2005.02.003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T17:49:51Z","timestamp":1693244991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2005.02.003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.adolescence.2005.02.003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2005.02.003","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-1971","1095-9254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-1971","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}}}