{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:22:41Z","timestamp":1790857361798,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,28]],"date-time":"2008-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1219881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Adolescence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Homeless youth (HY) who lack employment in the formal economy typically turn to the street economy (e.g., prostitution, drug selling) for survival. Guided by the theory of social control, the present paper explores factors influencing HY's initiation into the street economy. Eighty HY (ages 15\u201323) were recruited from four community\u2010based organizations. All participated in structured interviews and 25% participated in qualitative interviews. Almost all HY had participated in the street (81%) and formal economies (69%). Five main factors simultaneously influenced initiation into the street economy: social control\/bonds, barriers to the formal economy (e.g., homelessness, educational deficits, mental health problems, incarceration, stigma), tangible and social\/emotional benefits of the street economy, severe economic need, and the active recruitment of HY into the street economy by others. Qualitative and quantitative data sources were congruent. Intervention efforts are needed at multiple levels of influence to promote HY's success in the formal economy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2008.01.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,29]],"date-time":"2008-08-29T07:38:54Z","timestamp":1219995534000},"page":"357-377","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["The initiation of homeless youth into the street economy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Marya Viorst","family":"Gwadz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Use and HIV Research (CDUHR) Institute for AIDS Research National Development and Research Institutes Inc., 71 West 23rd Street, 8th Floor New York NY 10010 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"Gostnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Use and HIV Research (CDUHR) Institute for AIDS Research National Development and Research Institutes Inc., 71 West 23rd Street, 8th Floor New York NY 10010 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Smolenski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECPAT\u2010USA (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography, and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes \u2013 USA) 157 Montague Street Brooklyn NY 11201 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Willis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Consultant, 2444\u00a0S.W. Sherwood Drive Portland OR 97201 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Nish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Streetwork Project, Safe Horizon, 165 West 131st Street New York NY 10027 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa C.","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Chimneys Children's Services 79 Alexander Avenue, Suite 42A Bronx NY 10454"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Tharaken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Use and HIV Research (CDUHR) Institute for AIDS Research National Development and Research Institutes Inc., 71 West 23rd Street, 8th Floor New York NY 10010 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda S.","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Use and HIV Research (CDUHR) Institute for AIDS 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