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Using a sample of 6504 adolescents drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a series of invariance tests evidenced partial invariance. The non\u2010invariance of SPBM resulted from aggression across gender and grade\u2010level. Latent mean difference test results showed greater differences in academic failure, aggression, substance use, and risky sexual activity among males compared to females. Results also showed greater engagement in academic failure, substance use, and risky sexual activity among upper vs. lower grade students. Overall, analyses revealed that both gender and grade\u2010level differences could be explained by the common cause problem behavior syndrome (PBS), offering further support for Jessor's theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2009.03.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T03:50:29Z","timestamp":1241754629000},"page":"197-207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Gender and grade\u2010level comparisons in the structure of problem behaviors among adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Heejung","family":"Chun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Educational School &amp; Counseling Psychology University of Missouri\u2010Columbia 16 Hill Hall Columbia MO 65211 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Mobley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Educational School &amp; Counseling Psychology University of 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