{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T09:05:14Z","timestamp":1782983114804,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551916800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Adolescence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Homeless and precariously housed young people are a complex, vulnerable population frequently perceived as being difficult to engage in health and social services. Although unrecognized deficits in cognitive functioning may adversely affect their ability to access assistance and meaningfully participate in programming, few researchers have examined these deficits. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of global and domain\u2010specific cognitive impairment of street involved young people.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective chart review was conducted using intake data from 494 clients (64% male; average age of 21 years) enrolled in a community\u2010based inner city mental health program in Vancouver, Canada. Descriptive statistics were used to examine performance on six cognitive domains for a subsample (N\u202f=\u202f44) referred for neuropsychological evaluation and bivariate statistics were used to compare youth who were and were not referred.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive impairment was evident in 80% of referred clients, with the most frequent difficulties involving attention and processing speed. Approximately 51% of clients referred for testing did not have more than a grade ten education and only 5% received government support for those with significant disabilities. Apart from alcohol use disorder, no significant differences were identified on sociodemographic and mental health variables between groups of referred and non\u2010referred clients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant cognitive impairment was found in 80% of the young people referred for neuropsychological evaluation. This level of impairment combined with high levels of early school exiting and low levels of government support highlight the need for targeted screening to facilitate early identification and intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2019.02.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T05:53:46Z","timestamp":1551938026000},"page":"64-69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Examining patterns of cognitive impairment among homeless and precariously housed urban youth"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Carmelina","family":"Barone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department Simon Fraser University RCB 5246 \u2013 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiko","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Paul's Hospital 1081 Burrard St. Vancouver BC V6Z 1Y6 Canada"},{"name":"University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine 317, 2194 Health Sciences Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris G.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia School of Population and Public Health 2206 E Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Zivanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundry, 201 \u2013 1190 Hornby St. Vancouver BC V6Z 2K5 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Paul's Hospital 1081 Burrard St. Vancouver BC V6Z 1Y6 Canada"},{"name":"University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine 317, 2194 Health Sciences Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3 Canada"},{"name":"Providence Health Care Inner City Youth Program 1260 Granville St. Vancouver BC V6Z 1M4 Canada"},{"name":"Foundry, 201 \u2013 1190 Hornby St. Vancouver BC V6Z 2K5 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Mathias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Paul's Hospital 1081 Burrard St. Vancouver BC V6Z 1Y6 Canada"},{"name":"University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine 317, 2194 Health Sciences Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3 Canada"},{"name":"Providence Health Care Inner City Youth Program 1260 Granville St. Vancouver BC V6Z 1M4 Canada"},{"name":"Foundry, 201 \u2013 1190 Hornby St. Vancouver BC V6Z 2K5 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"Manual of directions and scoring","author":"Army Individual Test Battery","year":"1944"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-007-0100-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"BC Non-Profit Housing Association M. Thomson Consulting.2017 homeless Count in metro vancouver. Burnaby BC: Metro vancouver homelessness partnering strategy community entity.2017 Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.metrovancouver.org\/services\/regional-planning\/homelessness\/HomelessnessPublications\/2017MetroVancouverHomelessCount.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.12.1.43.1726"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"Multilingual aphasia examination: Token test","author":"Benton A.L.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764207311984"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390490510031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"City of Toronto.2013 street needs assessment: Results Retrieved from:http:\/\/www.toronto.ca\/legdocs\/mmis\/2013\/cd\/bgrd\/backgroundfile-61365.pdf2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","volume-title":"CVLT-II: California verbal learning test: Adult version","author":"Delis D.C.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2016.1207758"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dealing with disability: Cognitive impairments & homelessness","volume":"7","author":"Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians' Network","year":"2003","journal-title":"Healing Hands"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","volume-title":"Wisconsin card sorting test manual: Wisconsin card sorting test","author":"Heaton R.K.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617700000230"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","volume-title":"Psychological Assessment Resources","author":"Heaton R.K.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0b013e3181d1a8a9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000203"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-1971(92)90063-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(00)00146-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00324.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"National Alliance to End Homelessness.The State of homelessness in America: An examination in trends in homelessness homeless assistance and at-risk populations at the national and state levels Retrieved from:http:\/\/endhomelessness.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/2016-soh.pdf2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-015-9576-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000066"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2004.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","volume-title":"Repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS)","author":"Randolph C.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn044"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jado.1999.0224"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","volume-title":"Four organizations partnered to address youth homelessness in Vancouver: Analysis of an intersectoral collaboration","author":"Saewyc E.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02344460"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-4302"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","first-page":"319","volume-title":"Neuropsychiatry and mental health services","author":"Silver Felix","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","volume-title":"Wechsler adult intelligence scale\u2013Fourth; edition (WAIS\u2013IV);","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","volume-title":"Wechsler memory scale\u2013Fourth; edition (WMS-IV)","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","volume-title":"Wide range achievement test","author":"Wilkinson G.S.","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Journal of Adolescence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0140197119300429?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0140197119300429?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2019.02.011","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2019.02.011","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2019.02.011","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T14:03:36Z","timestamp":1692972216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2019.02.011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.adolescence.2019.02.011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2019.02.011","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-1971","1095-9254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-1971","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Examining patterns of cognitive impairment among homeless and precariously housed urban youth","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Adolescence","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2019.02.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}