{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T09:29:04Z","timestamp":1780824544274,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["African Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T12:25:22Z","timestamp":1578054322000},"page":"23-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Association between multivitamin supplementation and mortality among patients with Ebola virus disease: An international multisite cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Derrick","family":"Yam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam R.","family":"Aluisio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiromi M.","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jillian L.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Massaquoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Foday","family":"Sahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Locks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam C.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0005","author":"WHO"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504874","article-title":"Clinical management of Ebola virus disease in the united states and Europe","volume":"374","author":"Uyeki","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1413685","article-title":"Ebola in Freetown area, Sierra Leone\u2013a case study of 581 patients","volume":"372","author":"Ansumana","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411249","article-title":"Clinical presentation of patients with Ebola virus disease in Conakry, Guinea","volume":"372","author":"Bah","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00144-9","article-title":"Clinical presentation, biochemical, and haematological parameters and their association with outcome in patients with Ebola virus disease: an observational cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Hunt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ319","article-title":"Clinical features of patients with Ebola virus disease in Sierra Leone","volume":"61","author":"Qin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411680","article-title":"Clinical illness and outcomes in patients with Ebola in Sierra Leone","volume":"371","author":"Schieffelin","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S136","DOI":"10.1086\/520542","article-title":"Outbreaks of filovirus hemorrhagic fever: time to refocus on the patient","volume":"196","author":"Bausch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11\u221212","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2014.09.009","article-title":"Ebola outbreak in Conakry, Guinea: epidemiological, clinical, and outcome features","volume":"44","author":"Barry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"issue":"e1","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.11.034","article-title":"Clinical features and outcome of Ebola virus disease in pediatric patients: a retrospective case series","volume":"182","author":"Damkjaer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2015.03.011","article-title":"Derivation and internal validation of the Ebola prediction score for risk stratification of patients with suspected Ebola virus disease","volume":"66","author":"Levine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1086\/514298","article-title":"Treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever with blood transfusions from convalescent patients. International Scientific and Technical Committee","volume":"179","author":"Mupapa","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2015.597","article-title":"Clinical presentation and care of patients with Ebola virus disease in the China Ebola treatment unit, Liberia","volume":"70","author":"Shao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0070","author":"WHO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0075","series-title":"Medicines Sans Frontieres publication","article-title":"Filovirus haemorrhagic fever guideline, 2008","author":"Sterk","year":"2008"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0142","article-title":"Micronutrients and dengue","volume":"91","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002033","article-title":"Effectiveness of a multivitamin supplementation program among HIV-infected adults in Tanzania","volume":"33","author":"Sudfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/2325957414539044","article-title":"A systematic review of nutritional supplementation in HIV-infected children in resource-limited settings","volume":"14","author":"McHenry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1086\/587846","article-title":"A trial of the effect of micronutrient supplementation on treatment outcome, T cell counts, morbidity, and mortality in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"197","author":"Villamor","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1131-2","article-title":"Ascorbate-dependent vasopressor synthesis: a rationale for vitamin C administration in severe sepsis and septic shock?","volume":"19","author":"Carr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S791","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir297","article-title":"Filovirus hemorrhagic fever outbreak case management: a review of current and future treatment options","volume":"204","author":"Roddy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.11.036","article-title":"Hydrocortisone, vitamin C, and thiamine for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock: a retrospective before-after study","volume":"151","author":"Marik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000549","article-title":"Vitamin C in sepsis","volume":"31","author":"Kuhn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0120","first-page":"356","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data","volume":"i6583","author":"Martineau","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155031","article-title":"Anemia, micronutrient deficiencies, and malaria in children and women in Sierra Leone prior to the Ebola outbreak - findings of a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Wirth","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101096","article-title":"Micronutrient status and dietary intake of iron, vitamin a, iodine, folate and zinc in women of reproductive age and pregnant women in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa: a systematic review of data from 2005 to 2015","volume":"9","author":"Harika","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-16-00186","article-title":"Successful implementation of a multi-country Ebola virus disease clinical surveillance and data collection system in West Africa: findings and lessons learned","volume":"4","author":"Roshania","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13166","article-title":"Environmental temperature and case fatality of patients with Ebola virus disease in Sierra Leone and Liberia, 2014\u20132015: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0145","series-title":"Filovirus haemorrhagic fever guideline","author":"MSF","year":"2008"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005700","article-title":"The natural history of acute Ebola virus disease among patients managed in five Ebola treatment units in West Africa: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Skrable","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp363","article-title":"An assessment of lot quality assurance sampling to evaluate malaria outcome indicators: extending malaria indicator surveys","volume":"39","author":"Biedron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0160","series-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","first-page":"2017","author":"Team RC","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1214\/09-STS313","article-title":"Matching methods for causal inference: a review and a look forward","volume":"25","author":"Stuart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stat Sci"},{"issue":"448","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1999.10473858","article-title":"Causal effects in nonexperimental studies: reevaluating the evaluation of training programs","volume":"94","author":"Dehejia","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Statist Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ779","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis in Ebola virus disease. Results of an observational study in a treatment center in Guinea","volume":"62","author":"Cournac","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30112-3","article-title":"Characteristics and survival of patients with Ebola virus infection, malaria, or both in Sierra Leone: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Waxman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1604330","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of ZMapp for Ebola virus infection","volume":"375","author":"Group PIW","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0530","article-title":"Characteristics and clinical management of a cluster of 3 patients with Ebola virus disease, including the first domestically acquired cases in the United States","volume":"163","author":"Liddell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409838","article-title":"Clinical care of two patients with Ebola virus disease in the United States","volume":"371","author":"Lyon","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0310OC","article-title":"Ascorbic acid attenuates hyperoxia-compromised host defense against pulmonary bacterial infection","volume":"55","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2014-0386","article-title":"Vitamin D: immuno-modulation and tuberculosis treatment","volume":"93","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.110101","article-title":"Additive immunosuppressive effects of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and corticosteroids on TH1, but not TH2, responses","volume":"106","author":"Jirapongsananuruk","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201344398","article-title":"Seeing through the dark: new insights into the immune regulatory functions of vitamin A","volume":"45","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.3.446-464.2005","article-title":"Effects of vitamin A supplementation on immune responses and correlation with clinical outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Villamor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-041015-055427","article-title":"Retinoic acid and retinoic acid receptors as pleiotropic modulators of the immune system","volume":"34","author":"Larange","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0230","author":"FAO"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137208","article-title":"Social vulnerability and Ebola virus disease in rural Liberia","volume":"10","author":"Stanturf","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0240","author":"WHO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0245","article-title":"Micronutrient supplementation in adults with HIV infection","volume":"5","author":"Visser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001_bb0250","first-page":"2154","article-title":"Effect of micronutrient supplementation on disease progression in asymptomatic, antiretroviral-naive, HIV-infected adults in Botswana: a randomized clinical","volume":"310","author":"Baum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trial."}],"container-title":["African Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211419X19301533?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211419X19301533?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T17:07:57Z","timestamp":1761930477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211419X19301533"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S2211419X19301533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-419X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-419X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Association between multivitamin supplementation and mortality among patients with Ebola virus disease: An international multisite cohort study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"African Journal of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.afjem.2019.11.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 African Federation for Emergency Medicine. Publishing services provided by Elsevier.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}