{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T23:06:37Z","timestamp":1788390397652,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["African Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T06:53:25Z","timestamp":1649746405000},"page":"141-147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Stroke in Djibouti"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6717-3676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed AHMED","family":"NOUR","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saloua","family":"MRABET","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mouled ALI","family":"MAIDAL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8578-7484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alya","family":"GHARBI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssef","family":"ABIDA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"SOUISSI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"GARGOURI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imen","family":"KACEM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"NASRI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riadh","family":"GOUIDER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_sbref0001","series-title":"WHO | Top 10 causes of death. WHO World Health Organ n.d","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_sbref0002","series-title":"World Life Expect n.d","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2015-038","article-title":"The burden of stroke in Africa\u00a0: a glance at the present and a glimpse into the future\u00a0: review article","volume":"26","author":"Owolabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.11.059","article-title":"Stroke survivors in Nigeria: a door-to-door prevalence survey from the Niger Delta region","volume":"372","author":"Ezejimofor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.03.016","article-title":"Stroke survivors in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis of prevalence and secular trends","volume":"364","author":"Ezejimofor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0006","first-page":"41","article-title":"[Morbidity and mortality after intensive care management of hemorrhagic stroke in Djibouti]","volume":"69","author":"Benois","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Trop Rev Corps Sante Colon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e318296aeca","article-title":"An updated definition of stroke for the 21st Century: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"44","author":"Sacco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0008","series-title":"2017 ICD-10-CM Physician Professional Edition","author":"Buck","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318206ca1e","article-title":"Three-month stroke outcome: the European Registers of Stroke (EROS) investigators","volume":"76","author":"Heuschmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.04.063","article-title":"Stroke characterization in Sun Saharan Africa: congolese population","volume":"240","author":"Limbole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0011","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aspects \u00e9pid\u00e9miologiques des accidents vasculaires c\u00e9r\u00e9braux (AVC) aux urgences de l'institut de cardiologie d'Abidjan (ICA)","volume":"21","author":"N'goran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0012","first-page":"596","article-title":"Stroke in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"67","author":"Sagui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Trop Rev Corps Sante Colon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.3.317","article-title":"Incidence, risk, and case fatality of first ever stroke in the elderly population. The Rotterdam Study","volume":"74","author":"Hollander","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002376","article-title":"Differences in the role of black race and stroke risk factors for first vs recurrent stroke","volume":"86","author":"Howard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v48i3.2","article-title":"The profile of risk factors and in-patient outcomes of stroke in Kumasi, Ghana","volume":"48","author":"Sarfo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annrmp.2005.11.006","article-title":"Pronostic fonctionnel des accidents vasculaires c\u00e9r\u00e9braux dans les pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement : S\u00e9n\u00e9gal","volume":"49","author":"S\u00e8ne Diouf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann R\u00e9adapt M\u00e9decine Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0017","first-page":"453","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of stroke in CT-scan department of the Point-G Hospital in Bamako","volume":"65","author":"Keita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mali. Med Trop Rev Corps Sante Colon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0018","first-page":"145","article-title":"Contribution of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of cerebrovascular accidents in Nouakchott, Mauritania","volume":"62","author":"Diagana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Trop Rev Corps Sante Colon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000157662.09551.e5","article-title":"Sex Differences in Stroke Care and Outcomes: Results From the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network","volume":"36","author":"Kapral","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.03.015","article-title":"Family history and risk for ischemic stroke: Sibling history is more strongly correlated with the disease than parental history","volume":"284","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.018700","article-title":"Ischemic stroke profile, risk factors, and outcomes in India: the Indo-US collaborative stroke project","volume":"49","author":"Sylaja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90878-9","article-title":"Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease: Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias","volume":"335","author":"MacMahon","year":"1990","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30506-2","article-title":"Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): a case-control study","volume":"388","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4103\/1596-3519.82061","article-title":"A review of stroke admissions at a tertiary hospital in rural Southwestern Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"Desalu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2010.00562.x","article-title":"Stroke epidemiology and one-month fatality among an urban population in Iran","volume":"6","author":"Delbari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0026","first-page":"1","article-title":"Risk factors and clinical presentation of Stroke in Mukalla, Hadhramout, Republic of Yemen","volume":"391","author":"Bamekhlah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alandalus J Appl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.594275","article-title":"An epidemiological study of stroke hospitalizations in Maputo, Mozambique: a high burden of disease in a resource-poor country","volume":"41","author":"Damasceno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.06.001","article-title":"Epidemiology and in-hospital outcome of stroke in South Ethiopia","volume":"355","author":"Deresse","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.05.022","article-title":"Risk factors among stroke subtypes in Brazil","volume":"22","author":"Marrone","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000254472.41810.0d","article-title":"Lipid levels and the risk of ischemic stroke in women","volume":"68","author":"Kurth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000144282.42222.DA","article-title":"Association of cholesterol with stroke risk varies in stroke subtypes and patient subgroups","volume":"63","author":"Tirschwell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0020041","article-title":"Assumption-free estimation of heritability from genome-wide identity-by-descent sharing between full siblings","volume":"2","author":"Visscher","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLOS Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP333","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539512441821","article-title":"Multifactorial analysis of factors affecting recurrence of stroke in Japan","volume":"27","author":"Omori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.22.3.312","article-title":"Probability of stroke: a risk profile from the Framingham study","volume":"22","author":"Wolf","year":"1991","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.510073","article-title":"Dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and risk of ischemic stroke in young women","volume":"39","author":"Bhat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2013.15.1.2","article-title":"Stroke Statistics in Korea: Part I. Epidemiology and Risk Factors: a Report from the Korean stroke society and clinical research center for stroke","volume":"15","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0037","unstructured":"BEN MAHJOUB N. Facteurs pr\u00e9dictifs du pronostic fonctionnel et vital des h\u00e9mipl\u00e9giques vasculaires. Th\u00e8se. Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Ibn El Jazzar, 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0038","first-page":"440","article-title":"First cigarette smoking experience among secondary-school students in Aden, Republic of Yemen","volume":"5","author":"Bawazeer","year":"1999","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J Rev Sante Mediterr Orient Al-Majallah Al-Sihhiyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.2174\/1874192401711010146","article-title":"Khat (Catha Edulis) as a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Mega","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Cardiovasc Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.07.001","article-title":"Khat chewing, cardiovascular diseases and other internal medical problems: the current situation and directions for future research","volume":"132","author":"Al-Motarreb","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.46.4.698","article-title":"Intravascular platelet aggregation in the heart induced by norepinephrine: microscopic studies","volume":"46","author":"Haft","year":"1972","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0042","first-page":"219","article-title":"The effect of Khat (Catha edulis) on acute cerebral infarction","volume":"10","author":"Mujlli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci Riyadh Saudi Arab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0398","article-title":"Association of khat chewing with increased risk of stroke and death in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"85","author":"Ali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0044","first-page":"211","article-title":"[Heart failure patterns in Djibouti: epidemiologic transition]","volume":"23","author":"Massoure","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Sante Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12252","article-title":"Translation of the \u2018time is brain\u2019 concept into clinical practice: focus on prehospital stroke management","volume":"9","author":"Ragoschke-Schumm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.09.036","article-title":"Response to symptoms and prehospital delay in stroke patients. is it time to reconsider stroke awareness campaigns?","volume":"27","author":"R","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3316","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.018135","article-title":"Impact on prehospital delay of a stroke preparedness campaign: A SW-RCT (Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial)","volume":"48","author":"Denti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493018772747","article-title":"Stroke care in Africa: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Urimubenshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000158","article-title":"Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the american heart association\/American stroke association","volume":"49","author":"Powers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0051","first-page":"72","article-title":"Rates and predictors of stroke-associated case fatality in black Central African patients","volume":"19","author":"Longo-Mbenza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/004947550403400305","article-title":"Stroke subtypes in black tanzanians: a retrospective study of computerized tomography scan diagnoses at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es","volume":"34","author":"Matuja","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3200","article-title":"Mechanical Thrombectomy in acute stroke: prospective pilot trial of the Solitaire FR Device while Under Conscious Sedation","volume":"34","author":"Soize","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2016.01.171","article-title":"Aspects \u00e9pid\u00e9miocliniques, \u00e9volutifs et paracliniques de l'accident vasculaire c\u00e9r\u00e9bral h\u00e9morragique du sujet \u00e2g\u00e9 \u00e0 Dakar","volume":"172","author":"Sounga Bandzouzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02237-6","article-title":"Validity and reliability of a quantitative computed tomography score in predicting outcome of hyperacute stroke before thrombolytic therapy","volume":"355","author":"Barber","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.11.017","article-title":"Therapeutic route of patients at the acute phase of their stroke in Burkina Faso","volume":"372","author":"Napon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"}],"container-title":["African Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211419X2200012X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211419X2200012X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T17:09:20Z","timestamp":1761930560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211419X2200012X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2211419X2200012X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-419X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-419X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Stroke in Djibouti","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"African Journal of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.afjem.2022.03.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of African Federation for Emergency Medicine.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}