{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:51:02Z","timestamp":1765547462283,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["African Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T05:57:06Z","timestamp":1758952626000},"page":"100911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing the relationship between armed conflict and infectious disease incidence in Six Sub-Saharan Countries: Implications for Emergency Departments in conflict areas"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5305-172X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Holzman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0165-7995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Olinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Busingye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Rappaport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13982","article-title":"Fern\u00e1ndez Camporro \u00c1, Cernuda Mart\u00ednez JA. The epidemiological profile of incidence and mortality from epidemics in complex humanitarian emergencies from 1990 to 2022 - A scoping review","volume":"29","author":"Arcos Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2309087121","article-title":"Spatial spillovers of violent conflict amplify the impacts of climate variability on malaria risk in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"121","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142343","article-title":"HIV Incidence Prior to, during, and after Violent Conflict in 36 Sub-Saharan African Nations, 1990-2012: an Ecological Study","volume":"10","author":"Bennett","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/1362369042000248802","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS, peacekeeping and conflict crises in Africa","volume":"20","author":"Tripodi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Confl Surviv"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.5588\/09640569512968","article-title":"A flare-up of tuberculosis due to war in Congo Brazzaville","volume":"6","author":"M'Boussa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-080978","article-title":"Impacts of armed conflicts on tuberculosis burden and treatment outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Gebreyohannes","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.736532","article-title":"Characterization of national immunization programs in the context of public health emergencies: a case study of 13 countries in the WHO Africa region","volume":"9","author":"Chepkurui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000000275","article-title":"Measles outbreak in Ethiopia amid COVID-19: an effect of war-induced hampering of vaccination and pandemic","volume":"85","author":"Nazir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069494","article-title":"Clinical emergency care quality indicators in Africa: a scoping review and data summary","volume":"13","author":"Pickering","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mambo S.B., Nja G.M.E., Bunu U.O., Bizimana G.N., M'yisa Makelele A., Sonia F.D., Jones M.K., Sikakulya F.K. Promoting risk communication and community engagement during Mpox outbreak in fragile conflict zones of Eastern DRC. One Health. 2025 Mar 12;20:101012. doi: 10.1016\/j.onehlt.2025.101012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2025.101012"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343313484347","article-title":"Introducing the UCDP georeferenced event dataset","volume":"50","author":"Sundberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Peace Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0014","unstructured":"Immunization dashboard WHO; 2025. https:\/\/immunizationdata.who.int\/ [accessed 1 July 2025]."},{"year":"2025","series-title":"WHO. Global health observatory","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0015"},{"year":"2013","series-title":"Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). LRA-related displacement in central africa","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0018","unstructured":"BBC. Rwanda genocide: 100 days of slaughter BBC; 2019. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-26875506 [accessed 1 July 2025]."},{"year":"2024","series-title":"A guide to the decades-long conflict in dr congo","author":"Jazeera","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0020","unstructured":"Schwikowski M. The long road to reconciliation in Burundi. https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/the-long-road-to-reconciliation-after-burundis-civil-war\/a-67174207; 2023 [accessed 1 July 2025]."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1162\/isec_a_00362","article-title":"Home, again: refugee return and post-conflict violence in burundi","volume":"44","author":"Schwartz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Secur"},{"article-title":"Center for preventive action","year":"2024","series-title":"Conflict In The Central African republic","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0023","unstructured":"CFR. Instability In South Sudan, https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/global-conflict-tracker\/conflict\/civil-war-south-sudan."},{"year":"2025","series-title":"Improved Living Conditions For South Sudanese Refugees","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0024"},{"year":"2025","series-title":"Preserving Refugee Health In Uganda","author":"Dawisha","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0026","unstructured":"WHO.Beyond the standard cold chain; 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals\/essential-programme-on-immunization\/supply-chain\/controlled-temperature-chain-(ctc [accessed 1 July 2025]."},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.09.027","article-title":"A cluster randomized non-inferiority field trial on the immunogenicity and safety of tetanus toxoid vaccine kept in controlled temperature chain compared to cold chain","volume":"32","author":"Juan-Giner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.21.287696","article-title":"Controlled temperature chain for vaccination in low- and middle-income countries: a realist evidence synthesis","volume":"100","author":"Seaman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"46","key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.09.054","article-title":"Interventions to reduce the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases among migrants and refugees worldwide: a scoping review of published literature, 2006-2018","volume":"38","author":"Charania","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["African Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211419X25000515?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211419X25000515?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T12:42:32Z","timestamp":1765543352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211419X25000515"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S2211419X25000515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-419X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2211-419X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessing the relationship between armed conflict and infectious disease incidence in Six Sub-Saharan Countries: Implications for Emergency Departments in conflict areas","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"African Journal of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100911","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of African Federation for Emergency Medicine.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100911"}}