{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T17:31:59Z","timestamp":1771522319206,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["African Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T22:25:53Z","timestamp":1768083953000},"page":"100941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The critical role of emergency departments in managing infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons from the Rwanda Marburg virus response"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3128-5443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Appolinaire","family":"Manirafasha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurent Gamy","family":"Kamunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ineza Nadine","family":"Vanessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mukarugwiza","family":"Florence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doris L.","family":"Uwamahoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nkeshimana","family":"Menelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsion","family":"Firew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100941_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2018.10.002","article-title":"Impact of emergency medicine training implementation on mortality outcomes in Kigali, Rwanda: an interrupted time-series study","volume":"9","author":"Aluisio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Afr J Emerg Med Rev Afr Med Urgence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100941_bib0002","unstructured":"King Faisal Hospital launches university to transform healthcare education in Rwanda \u2013 Welcome to AHSU, shaping the future of health through exellence in education- Rwanda 2025. https:\/\/ahsu.ac.rw\/those-inequalities-are-inequalities-that-occur-within-households-3\/(accessed June 26, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100941_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4314\/rmj.v80i3.5","article-title":"Managing medical emergencies: sustainable pre-hospital medical education in Rwanda","volume":"80","author":"Shustak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rwanda Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100941_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2415816","article-title":"Marburg Virus Disease in Rwanda, 2024 \u2014 public health and clinical responses","volume":"393","author":"Nsanzimana","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100941_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03459-9","article-title":"Genomic and transmission dynamics of the 2024 Marburg virus outbreak in Rwanda","volume":"31","author":"Butera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100941_bib0006","unstructured":"Awareness and response to Marburg virus in Rwanda 2025. https:\/\/www.moh.gov.rw\/news-detail\/awareness-and-response-to-marburg-virus-in-rwanda (accessed July 26, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100941_bib0007","unstructured":"Rwanda\u2019s Marburg Virus response: progress and resilience 2025. https:\/\/www.moh.gov.rw\/news-detail\/rwandas-marburg-virus-response-progress-and-resilience (accessed July 26, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100941_bib0008","series-title":"After action review (AAR) of Marburg virus disease outbreak response in rwanda","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100941_bib0009","article-title":"Remdesivir: from Ebola to COVID-19","volume":"538","author":"Mg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100941_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Firew T., Anna D., Hakizimana E., Manirafasha A., Ineza V.N., Zerihun A., et al. Remdesivir for Post-exposure prophylaxis of Marburg Virus disease: a cohort study assessing safety, clinical, and immunologic outcomes 2025. Presented at ID week -Infectious Diseases Society of America-Atlanta, Georgia October 2025.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf695.006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100941_bib0011","unstructured":"Rwanda declares end of Marburg virus disease outbreak 2025. https:\/\/www.moh.gov.rw\/news-detail\/article-9 (accessed July 26, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100941_bib0012","unstructured":"Marburg virus disease - Rwanda n.d. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2024-DON544 (accessed July 26, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100941_bib0013","unstructured":"Advice for the public on COVID-19 \u2013 World Health Organization n.d. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/advice-for-public (accessed July 26, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100941_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-1953","article-title":"Protecting health care workers from Ebola: personal protective equipment is critical but is not enough","volume":"161","author":"Fischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"}],"container-title":["African Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211419X25000813?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211419X25000813?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T16:48:25Z","timestamp":1771519705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211419X25000813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S2211419X25000813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100941","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-419X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-419X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The critical role of emergency departments in managing infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons from the Rwanda Marburg virus response","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"African Journal of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.afjem.2025.100941","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of African Federation for Emergency Medicine.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100941"}}