{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:18:21Z","timestamp":1780597101449,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T16:07:33Z","timestamp":1595520453000},"page":"97-105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Vitamin D in COVID - 19: Dousing the fire or averting the storm? \u2013 A perspective from the Asia-Pacific"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9119-8443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manju","family":"Chandran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8004-4422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aye","family":"Chan Maung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0822-3212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ambrish","family":"Mithal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3318-0357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajeev","family":"Parameswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2006.03.001","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in lung diseases","volume":"6","author":"Kuba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1282","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and renin angiotensin system blockers","author":"Bavishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.043919-0","article-title":"Replication-dependent downregulation of cellular angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protein expression by human coronavirus NL63","volume":"93","author":"Dijkman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02415.x","article-title":"Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"136","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.01.025","article-title":"MERS-CoV infection in humans is associated with a pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cytokine profile","volume":"104","author":"Mahallawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.09.038","article-title":"Age- and gender-related difference of ACE2 expression in rat lung","volume":"78","author":"Xie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9696","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004911117","article-title":"Demographic science aids in understanding the spread and fatality rates of COVID-19","volume":"117","author":"Dowd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02344-6","article-title":"Emerging SARS-CoV-2 mutation hot spots include a novel RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase variant","volume":"18","author":"Pachetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.05.003","article-title":"Regulation of vitamin D metabolism","volume":"25","author":"Henry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8090533","article-title":"Seasonal changes in Vitamin D-Effective UVB availability in Europe and associations with population serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D","volume":"8","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13020184","article-title":"Impact of geographic location on vitamin D status and bone mineral density","volume":"13","author":"Yeum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.11834","article-title":"Temperature, humidity, and latitude analysis to estimate potential spread and seasonality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"3","author":"Sajadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib13","article-title":"Perspective: vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 severity \u2013 plausibly linked by latitude, ethnicity, impacts on cytokines, ACE2, and thrombosis (R1)","author":"Rhodes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153003","article-title":"Influenza seasonality in the tropics and subtropics - when to vaccinate?","volume":"11","author":"Hirve","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.180","article-title":"Seasonality of influenza in the tropics: a distinct pattern in northeastern Brazil","volume":"81","author":"Moura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01570-8","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality","volume":"32","author":"Ilie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15777","article-title":"Editorial: low population mortality from COVID-19 in countries south of latitude 35 degrees North supports vitamin D as a factor determining severity","volume":"51","author":"Rhodes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092065","article-title":"Variations in 25-hydroxyvitamin D in countries from the Middle East and Europe: the roles of UVB exposure and diet","volume":"11","author":"Grant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.120873","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: pandemic?","volume":"103","author":"Cashman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105536","article-title":"Spatiotemporal trends of PM2.5 concentrations in central China from 2003 to 2018 based on MAIAC-derived high-resolution data","volume":"137","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.87.2.111","article-title":"The impact of atmospheric pollution on vitamin D status of infants and toddlers in Delhi, India","volume":"87","author":"Agarwal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30922-3","article-title":"Ethnicity and COVID-19: an urgent public health research priority","volume":"395","author":"Pareek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112134","article-title":"Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3","volume":"76","author":"MacLaughlin","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.02.016","article-title":"Low vitamin D levels increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Lucato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174298","article-title":"Vitamin D and hypertension: prospective study and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-019-1236-7","article-title":"The association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"19","author":"Gholami","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9276380","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9276380","article-title":"The biological activities of vitamin D and its receptor in relation to calcium and bone homeostasis, cancer, immune and cardiovascular systems, skin biology, and oral health","volume":"2018","author":"Khammissa","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2018.02.004","article-title":"Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of extra renal CYP27b1: case report and review","volume":"8","author":"Bikle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2011.03482.x","article-title":"Vitamin D3: a helpful immuno-modulator","volume":"134","author":"Di Rosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib32","first-page":"375","article-title":"Vitamin D promotes pneumococcal killing and modulates inflammatory responses in primary human neutrophils","volume":"9","author":"Subramanian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Innate Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4289","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803736","article-title":"Vitamin d-directed rheostatic regulation of monocyte antibacterial responses","volume":"182","author":"Adams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2015.51359","article-title":"Cathelicidin impact on inflammatory cells","volume":"40","author":"Agier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1454","article-title":"Nonclassic actions of vitamin D","volume":"94","author":"Bikle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-11-176","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency impacts on expression of toll-like receptor-2 and cytokine profile: a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Ojaimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12982","article-title":"Effect of single-dose injection of vitamin D on immune cytokines in ulcerative colitis patients: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"127","author":"Sharifi","year":"2019","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(95)00106-A","article-title":"Immunomodulatory actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"53","author":"Lemire","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2408","article-title":"Activation and regulation of systemic inflammation in ARDS: rationale for prolonged glucocorticoid therapy","volume":"136","author":"Gu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-019-0634-x","article-title":"Vitamin D inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines in the airways of cystic fibrosis patients infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa- pilot study","volume":"45","author":"Olszowiec-Chlebna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03173.x","article-title":"Toll-like receptors--sentries in the B-cell response","volume":"128","author":"Bekeredjian-Ding","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib43","first-page":"92","article-title":"Sanatoria revisited: sunlight and health","volume":"48","author":"Bredin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Roy Coll Phys Edinb"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.560","article-title":"Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the third national health and nutrition examination survey","volume":"169","author":"Ginde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12792","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in hospitalized adults with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"12","author":"Brance","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S149049","article-title":"Association between serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and community-acquired pneumonia: a case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Mamani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis751","article-title":"Addition of vitamin D status to prognostic scores improves the prediction of outcome in community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"55","author":"Remmelts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib48","first-page":"3","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D as supplementary treatment in patients with moderately advanced pulmonary tuberculous lesion","volume":"38","author":"Nursyam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Med Indones"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.29094","article-title":"Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren","volume":"91","author":"Urashima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011088","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections in healthy adults","volume":"5","author":"Sabetta","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230336","article-title":"Association between preoperative levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and hospital-acquired infections after hepatobiliary surgery: a prospective study in a third-level hospital","volume":"15","author":"Laviano","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402513","article-title":"The acute respiratory distress syndrome: from mechanism to translation","volume":"194","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206680","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency contributes directly to the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)","volume":"70","author":"Dancer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib54","first-page":"ciaa449","article-title":"Detectable serum SARS-CoV-2 viral load (RNAaemia) is closely correlated with drastically elevated interleukin 6 (IL-6) level in critically ill COVID-19 patients","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7432","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7546","article-title":"Vitamin D alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via regulation of the renin-angiotensin system","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101295","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor activation regulates microglia polarization and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats and angiotensin II-exposed microglial cells: role of renin-angiotensin system","volume":"26","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1739565","article-title":"Emerging WuHan (COVID-19) coronavirus: glycan shield and structure prediction of spike glycoprotein and its interaction with human CD26","volume":"9","author":"Vankadari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microb Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1637-5","article-title":"Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission","volume":"63","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174608","article-title":"Correction of vitamin D deficiency facilitated suppression of IP-10 and DPP IV levels in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a randomised double-blinded, placebo-control trial","volume":"12","author":"Komolmit","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1993.1245","article-title":"Impaired bone marrow-derived macrophage differentiation in vitamin D deficiency","volume":"151","author":"Abu-Amer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064240","article-title":"Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D","volume":"7","author":"Greiller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i6583","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i6583","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data","volume":"356","author":"Martineau","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib63","first-page":"856747","article-title":"Is vitamin d insufficiency associated with mortality of critically ill patients?","volume":"2013","author":"Aygencel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Res Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065835","article-title":"Vitamin D and respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"Bergman","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib65","first-page":"59","article-title":"High dose vitamin D administration in ventilated intensive care unit patients: a pilot double blind randomized controlled trial. Version 2","volume":"4","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Transl Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911124","article-title":"Early high-dose vitamin D3 for critically ill, vitamin D-deficient patients","volume":"381","author":"National Heart","year":"2019","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61650-4","article-title":"Effect on the incidence of pneumonia of vitamin D supplementation by quarterly bolus dose to infants in Kabul: a randomised controlled superiority trial","volume":"379","author":"Manaseki-Holland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0325","article-title":"Cholecalciferol plus calcium suppresses abnormal PBMC reactivity in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Kimball","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2704","article-title":"The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know","volume":"96","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-4551","article-title":"A\u00a0Reverse J-shaped association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cardiovascular disease mortality: the CopD Study","volume":"100","author":"Durup","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.29","article-title":"Therapy: new findings on vitamin D3 supplementation and falls - when more is perhaps not better","volume":"12","author":"Sanders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib72","author":"NICE National Institute for Health and Care Excellence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051359","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"12","author":"D\u2019Avolio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28176","article-title":"COVID -19 in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients living in lombardy, Italy","author":"Fasano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.050","article-title":"Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank","volume":"14","author":"Hastie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003_bib76","first-page":"81","article-title":"Vitamin D and inflammation: potential implications for severity of COVID-19","volume":"113","author":"Laird","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ir Med J"}],"container-title":["Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405525520300741?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405525520300741?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T07:34:29Z","timestamp":1762500869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405525520300741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2405525520300741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-5255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-5255","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Vitamin D in COVID - 19: Dousing the fire or averting the storm? \u2013 A perspective from the Asia-Pacific","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.afos.2020.07.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Korean Society of Osteoporosis. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}